Transcript The West, The “Wannabes” and The Rest”

UNIT IV: 1750-1914
Why 1750 –1914?
1750 – Start of political revolutions, industrial
revolution, capitalism
1914 – WWI, Decline of Empires (Ottoman,
Qing, Czarist Russia, Austro-Hungary)
The Two “I’s”
1. INDUSTRIALIZATION: traditional/religious
life under immense pressure by industrial life &
new scientific discoveries
2. IMPERIALISM: leads to the development of
Land AND sea-based empires
– Nationalism (introduced by the French Revolution)
– In order to justify imperialism: idea of ‘race’
developed by the West
Big Picture Themes
Political Revolutions
Dominance of the West
Reactions to Imperialism
Global Trade
New Economic Systems (capitalism, Marxism)
Demographic Shifts
The West:
W. Europe
U.S.A
Australia
Industrialized
societies & militaries
Influenced by
nationalism &
science
Who is Who?
The “Wannabes”:
Russia
Japan
Ottomans
Everyone Else:
Gov’t programs to
industrialize
Colonized by West or
under “sphere of
influence” to West
Imported tech & and
western ideas
All attempt to throw out
the West, but FAIL…
EXCEPT L. American
Independence
Political Rev. & Independence:
Why now?
Where?
•
•
•
•
U.S. (1776)
France (1789)
Haiti (1803)
Latin America (1800s)
American Rev.
• No taxation w/out
representation
• July 4, 1776: Dec. of
Independence
• 7 Years War Britsh
vs. French): “1st
World War”
French Revolution
• Louis XVI overtaxation
• Enlightenment ideas (rights & science)
3rd Estate (lower class): paid all taxes
– swore a “Tennis Court Oath” for a
constitution: Declaration of the
rights of Man
– universal male suffrage
• July 14, 1789: storming the Bastille
prison starts rev.
Radical phase
• led by Maximilen Robespierre (of Jacobin party)
• Louis XVI & wife executed during Reign of Terror
• Final phase of rev.: Napoleon staged a coup of
the Directory
– From 1799-1815 France became an empire
Which of the following is a TRUE
statement about the French Revolution
of 1789?
(A) It failed to instill a sense of nationalism in
France.
(B) Women gained universal suffrage.
(C) The revolution turned radical with the
involvement of peasants.
(D) It succeeded in strengthening France’s
economy.
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint
L’Ouverture
• Instability caused by French Rev.
• Toussaint L’Ouverture organized small
military group of slaves & “gens de
couluer”
LEGACY:
• Symbol of freedom to slaves
• Kings/slave owners feared
rebellion
Toussaint
L’Ouverture
Latin American Independence
CAUSES
• Political & Social Inequality
– Creoles (rebelled the
most)
•Enlightenment Ideas
•Other Revolutions
•Napoleon’s invasion of
Spain/Portugal
Leaders
Father Miguel Hidalgo
(1821): Mexican
Independence
Simon Bolivar:
S. America
Dom Pedro: Brazil
Causes/Motives:
• 1800s Rev. Causes:
–
–
–
–
–
nationalism
peasant unrest
food shortages
publishing newspapers/newsletters
Commercial Revolution (rising middle class)
• Motive: need to industrialize & “modernize” nations
Modern political revolutions were
characterized by
(A) the unopposed rule of absolute monarchs
(B) the influence of Enlightenment ideals
(C) peasants and urban workers refusing to
protest
(D) the destruction of traditional religion
(E) eventual choice of universal democracy
instead of autocracy
The West At Its Peak
• 1750-1914: height of Western power
• The French Revolution gave birth to
idea of nationalism
• Growth of Nation-states/empires
– German unification (Bismarck’s
realpolitik)
New Political Ideas
Tech. Advances:
Steam engine: most important invention
British textiles: 1st mechanized industry (looms;
spinning wheels)
Transportation:
Canals
Railroads
Steam ships
Industrial Rev. Social Changes:
• Innovations in farming & enclosure acts: peasants in
countryside out of work…move to cities for factory work
• Industrial Working Class (poor, unskilled)
• New Middle Class
• Roles of women:
– Working class women outside home
– Upper Class women: confined
“Satanic” Milltown
Power loom
Fatcat
Miner
Street children
Factory Conditions
• rigid, boring, long hours, dangerous
• NO job security…
• Women/children/immigrants paid less
Living Conditions
Urbanization:
• Cities crowded, dirty, & dangerous
- no sanitation
- no fire/police
- no running water
Rise of Western Dominance
Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference (1884)
2009 AP® WORLD HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
WORLD HISTORY
SECTION II
Part A
(Suggested writing time—40 minutes)
Percent of Section II score—33 1/3
1. Using the documents, analyze African actions and reactions in
response to the European Scramble for Africa. Identify an
additional type of document and explain how it would help in
assessing African actions and reactions.
Historical Background: In the three decades after the Berlin Conference on
Africa (1884–1885), European powers occupied and colonized areas in
Africa, a process later termed the Scramble for Africa.
Imperialism:
• Industrialization: new demand resources & labor
• steam power, better guns, immunizations
• “Social Darwinism” gave West a sense of
superiority…justified imperialism (White Man’s
Burden)
“I contend that we are the first race in the world and that
the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the
human race...I contend that every acre added to our
territory provides for the birth of more of the English
race, who otherwise would not be brought into
existence.”
Cecil Rhodes' statement is consistent with which of
the following?
(A) Mercantilism
(B) Social Darwinism
(C) Marxism
(D) Liberalism
(E) Mandate of Heaven
CHINA
AFRICA
•SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
•SHAKA ZULU (resistance)
•BERLIN CONFERENCE
•BOER WAR (Dutch vs.
British)
•OPIUM WARS
•TREATY OF
NANJING (1842)
•TAIPING
REBELLION (1850-64)
•BOXER REBELLION
(1898-1901): anti-British
& anti-Qing
JAPAN
•MEIJI
RESTORATION
•MATTHEW
PERRY
•SINOJAPANESE WAR
IMPERIALISM
INDIA
•JEWEL IN THE CROWN
•BRITISH EAST INDIA CO.
• COMPANY MEN
• SEPOY MUTINY
• QUEEN VICTORIA
EUROPE
•NATIONALISM
•WHITE MAN’S BURDEN.
•INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Reaction to Imperialism?
• Organized rebellions all failed from 1750-1914
(EXCEPT in L. America)
• Russia & Japan…
– Imitating the West
The “Wannabes”
Japan & Russia
Meiji Japan:
• Arrival of U.S. navy (Commodore Perry):
forced industrialization on Japan
• Led to Meiji Restoration: Emperor began gov’t
sponsored modernization plan
• Created a Parliament: an oligarchy w/ a few
businesses (zaibatsu)
• Japan colonizes Korea & China
Late-nineteenth-century Japanese
industrialization differed from lateeighteenth-century British
industrialization in that Japan’s
industrialization
(A) was sponsored by the state
(B) was not based on fossil-fuel power
(C) centered on exporting agricultural goods
(D) used women in early factories
Russia
• Peter the Great (1672-1725): began Westernization
• Like Japan, industrialization sponsored by gov’t
• Russifiy: cultural pressure on conquered peoples
• UNLIKE JAPAN: Russia NOT able to fully
industrialize…too many serfs!
– 1861 (Alexander II ends serfdom)
British E.I.C.
• E.I.C. ran India w/ “Company Men” & Raj
princes until the Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
– Sepoy: paid Indian soldiers
– then direct control of crown; Queen Victoria (Disraeli her
advisor)
• “Jewel in the crown”
• India supplied Britain w/ cotton, indigo, salt, opium &
tea.
Qing China
• Lord Macartney attempts to open up Qing (1792)
-“Tea Diplomacy”…epic failure
• China economically/culturally isolated…yet largest economy
-Qing horded silver causing inflation
• British fight Opium Wars to open up Qing…Treaty of
Nanking begins 100 yrs of British influence (Hong Kong)
•Taiping Rebellion & Boxer Rebellion (both failed): throw
out foreigners
The Islamic Heartland
• Ottoman Empire: tried to reform its society &
industrialize w/ Tanzimat Reforms (too little too
late)
– Janissary Corp very conservative & feared change…
• Egypt falls under British influence under
Muhammad Ali (cotton; Suez Canal)
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Europeans: create tensions between ethnic
groups
• “Scramble for Africa” about resources:
– metals, crops, ivory, diamonds (Cecil
Rhodes), rubber (Belgian Congo)
Global Communication, & Tech
– railroad, steam engine, telegraph
– Suez Canal, Panama Canal
Demographic & ENV Changes
• New immigration patterns
• End of Atlantic Slave Trade: caused need for
cheap labor (children & immigrants)
• Better medicine
• Food Supply ↑
Changes in Social/Gender Structure
Changed due to:
•
•
•
•
Political Revolutions
Industrial Revolution
Enlightenment ideas
Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves
Comparisons
• Industrial revolution in western Europe and
Japan (causes and early phases)
• Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin
American, Mexican, and Chinese)
• Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman
Empire, China, India and Japan.