Transcript APWH REVIEW

Boundary 4 (1750-1914)
• Europeans dominate long-distance trade
throughout the world
• The Industrial Revolution gives huge
economic and political advantages and
creates a dichotomy based on economics
• Inequality increases due to imperialism
• Political revolutions are inspired by
democracy and a desire for independence
• The I.R. altered communication and
contact. The Suez and Panama canals
are built
• Migration to the Americas from Europe
and Asia
• Serf and slave systems became less
common
• Italy and Germany become nations
• The West (Europe, U.S. and Australia)
dominate the world
The Industrial Revolution
• Began in England in the late 18th century.
• Substituted hand labor with machine labor
and was helped by the following factors:
• 1. The Agricultural Revolution: the
enclosure movement fenced off private
land and farmers began crop rotation.
Jethro Tull’s seed drill planted seeds more
effectively. Less farmers needed, so
population moves to the city. (end of b.3)
• 2. Technological Revolution: inventions of
mass production, mechanization, and
interchangeable parts speed up human
nature.
• 3. Natural Resources: large, accessible
supplies of coal and iron
• 4. Economic Strength: solid middle class
that had experience with trading and
manufacturing. Banks and loans were
available
• 5. Political stability: No wars on British
soil, and the government was not seriously
questioned. By 1750, the Parliament’s
power exceeded the kings.
New Inventions
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The flying shuttle (John Kay)
The spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)
The water frame (Richard Arkwright)
The spinning mule (Samuel Crompton)
The power loom (Samuel Crompton)
Transportation Improvements
• Steam Engine (James Watt) 1790’s
• Railroad engine connected the British
• 1. Manufacturers had a cheap way to
transport materials and finished products
• 2. New jobs for rr workers and miners
• 3. New industries and inventions and
increased productivity
• 4. Transported people for work and
leisure
The IR Spreads
• By 1800’s it had spread to the rest of Europe,
the United States, Russia, and Japan
• British entrepreneurs and gov. officials forbade
the export of machinery and technology
• Industry developed in the U.S. in the 1820’s b/c
of labor shortages. Then slowed due to the Civil
War. During the 1870’s there was a lot of
expansion to the West.
• In the late 1800’s industry spread to Russia and
Japan at the hands of the government. (By
1900 Russia can reach both sides of it’s vast
country, and Japan is the most industrialized
nation in Asia.
Patterns of World Trade
• Industrialization increased the economic, military, and
political strength of the societies that embraced it.
• Countries with government support did the best in
industrializing.
• An international division of labor resulted: people in
industrialized countries produced manufactured
products, and people in less industrialized countries
produced manufactured products, and people in less
industrialized countries produced the materials
necessary for that production.
• Many countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa,
south Asia, and SE Asia became highly dependent on
one cash crop such as sugar, cotton, and rubber. This
earned L.A. countries the nickname “Banana Republics.”
• The division of labor in countries increased
the use of raw materials, manufacture
goods, and the volume world trade
End of the Slave Trade
• The American and French revolutions spurred a
strong abolitionist movement.
• Olaudah Equiano: a west African recounted his
experience as a slave taken from Africa to the
New World
• In the Caribbean, a revolution, led by Toussaint
L’Ouverture resulted in the liberation of slaves in
Haiti and the creation of the first black state in
the Americas.
• Manufacturers started looking at Africa as a
place for raw materials.
• Slave trade had been abolished by 1820 in
Britain, the U.S., France, the Netherlands,
and in 1847 Spain.
• Britain pressured the government to send
patrol ships to the west coast of Africa to
search and seize violating ships.
• The British abolished slavery in 1833,
France in 1848, and the U.S. in 1865.
• The last country to abolish slavery in the
Americas was Brazil.
Immigration to the Americas
• European and Asian immigrants traveled to
North America and Canada to work in factories,
railroad construction sites, and plantations.
• Migrants to Latin America went to work on
agricultural plantations.
• Birth rates will decline in industrialized nations.
Children are no longer as useful in
industry/farming and supporting a large family is
hard in an industrialized society.
Environmental Changes
• Deforestation is a problem as farmers
clear forests and soil becomes depleted.
• Large cities will grow in industrialized
countries.
Working Conditions
• Most industrial jobs were boring,
repetitious, and required long days with
few breaks.
Family Life
• People now left their homes for work and
did not return home until late in the day.
• Husband and wife worked away from
home as did older children.
• In early industrialization women held jobs
as domestic servants.
• Industrialists encouraged women to bring
their children to work so that they could
work also.
Changes in Social Classes
• Wealth was increasingly based on money
and success in business enterprises,
although the status of inherited titles of
nobility based on land ownership remained
in place.
• Most members of the middle class were
not wealthy, but had comfortable lifestyles
and higher social status than factory
workers.
• The urban poor were at the mercy of the
business cycles (the swings between hard
times and times of growth)
• Unemployment was difficult and recurrent
unemployment could lead to drunkenness
and fighting.
• The middle class will push for sobriety
thrift, industriousness, and responsibility.
• Social Darwinism develops where Spencer
argues that human society operates by a
system of natural selection, whereby
individuals and ways of life automatically
gravitate to their proper station.
Forces for Political Change
• The Enlightenment: more humanistic
approach to the creation of a better
government. John Locke wrote of a social
contract. Voltaire and Jean-Jacques
Rousseau spread new ideas to France
where the king and queen epitomized
absolutism.
• The Bourgeoisie: commercialization of the
economy meant the growth of the middle
class is size and wealth.
Revolutions
• The American Revolution: American colonists
resented Britain’s attempt to raise taxes and to
tell them where they could live.
• The French Revolution: The French people
(97%) of the population held little of the land
(5%) and paid 100% of the taxes. They called
for a National Assembly and wrote the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
• Reaction to the F.R.: conservative Napoleon
Bonaparte promised stability and conquest. He
was defeated at Vienna in 1815 and the
Congress of Vienna (Britain, Austria, and
Russia) sought to restore the balance of powermonarchies restored and France kept in check.
• Hatian Revolution: Rebellion in 1791 b/c
the slaves wanted equal rights and carried
out a successful insurrection. It was
declared free in 1804.
Revolutions in Latin America
• Brazil: Portugal’s royal family fled to Brazil
when Napoleon stormed Portugal. He
instituted reforms, etc. but returned to
Portugal in 1821. His son Pedro declared
Brazil’s independence and established a
constitutional monarchy.
• Mexico: Hidalgo led a rebellion that led to
independence in 1821. Zapata and Villa
worked for equality in 1910.
• Spanish South America: the “junta” were
local governments who wanted to
overthrow the colonial power. The two
centers of junta power were in Venezuela
(Caracas-Simon de Bolivar) and Argentina
(Buenos Aires-Jose de San Martin)
• Chart on page 140 compares
constitutional experiements in North and
South America.
Ideological Consequences of
Revolutions
• Conservatism: wanted a return to absolute
monarchy, but came to accept constitutional
monarchy
• Liberalism: supported republican democracy, or
a government with an elected legislature who
represented the people in political decisionmaking. Supported liberty more than equality
• Radicalism: advocated drastic changes in
government that supported equality more than
liberty.
Reform Movements
• Women’s Rights: especially strong in
North America, Britain, and France.
• Conservative Reactions to Reform:
scientific racism and social darwinism
• Maxism: Karl Marx believed that
conditions in capitalist countries would
eventually become so bad that the
workers would join together to overcome
the bourgeoisie.
Nationalism
• A feeling of identity within a common
group of people
• Especially connected to the rise of western
dominance between 1750 and 1914 that
created a world of “have nots” and “haves”
New European Nations
• Italy and Germany
• Spurred more competition between
European nations
Eurasian Empires
• Russian Empire: Catherine the Great built
upon Peter the Great’s rule. She was
closely connected to the West and
Enlightenment ideals. Russians were
defeated in the Crimean War (against the
Ottomans) and Tsar Alexander II
emphasized industrialization by
emancipating the serfs.
• The Ottoman Empire (The Sick Man of
Europe)
• Problems with economics (tax farmin was
corrupt)
• Problems with the Janissaries: operated
separately from the sultan’s court and
were brutal and corrupt
• Revolts in the Balkans and Greece b/c of
ethnic nationalism
Types of Imperialism
• Colonial Imperialism: virtual complete takeover
of an area, with domination in all areas:
economic, political, and socio-cultural.
• Economic Imperialism: allowed an area to
operate as its own nation, but the imperialist
nation almost completely controlled its trade and
other business (China)
• Political Imperialism: country may have had its
own government with natives in top political
positions, it operated as the imperialist country
told it to do. (late Qing China)
• Socio-cultural Imperialism: dominating country
deliberately tried to change customs, religions,
and languages in these countries. (British India)
Imperialism in Africa
• Muhammad Ali and his grandson Ismail led
Egypt to be the strongest Muslim state of the
19th century, rich from cotton export, but this
market collapsed.
• Starting in the 1850’s Europeans began
exploring the interior of Africa and by 1914 there
were only 2 free countries.
• Belgium established Belgian Congo and this set
off the Scramble for Africa where Britain, France,
Germany, and Italy competed with Belgium for
land in Africa.
• The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 allowed
European diplomats to draw lines on maps and
carve Africa into colonies.
Imperialism in India
• The Mughal emperor, in a declining state, made
agreements with the British East India Company
that took advantage of the collapsing state.
• The British “Raj” (1818-1857): The BEIC was in
a strange position because depended on the
people of India to support them, and they abided
by Indian customs and rules but administered
governmental affairs and initiated social reforms
that reflected British values.
• In 1857 the Sepoy Rebellion caused the British
government to intervene on behalf of the BEIC.
• British officials began pouring into India and
controlled its trade b/c it was important for trade
with China (opium.) The British worked on the
infrastructure in India.
• Industrialization created a middle class of Indian
officials in the late 1800’s. These officials could
travel to England for higher education and
began to use those values in their situation.
Rammouhan Roy advocated unity for Indians.
• The Indian National Congress was formed in
1885 and had goals of promoting political unity
and appointing more Indians to higher positions.
This was controlled by Hindus.
• The All-India Muslim League was a nationalistic
group established in 1906 for Muslims.
• By 1914 both these groups were demanding
Indian independence from the British.
Imperialism in China
• Problems in the Qing Dynasty began in the early
1800’s b/c of its inability to defend and challenge
borders, and lack of communication. The
Manchu (rulers of the Qing Dynasty) were
increasingly corrupt.
• In 1759 Emperor Qianlong restricted European
trade and was closely supervised.
• The British found that the Chinese were
interested in buying opium, and by the time the
time the government tried to intervene the
people were already addicted.
• The Opium Wars forced a series of unequal
treaties.
• The Treaty of Nanjing: The Chinese agreed to
allow the trade of opium and open other ports to
exclusive trade with Britain. It also gave the
British control over Korea, Vietnam, Burma, and
Hong Kong.
• The Qing Dynasty was also significantly
weakened by the Taiping Rebellion where
unhappy farmers captured the city of Nanjing as
their capital and came close to toppling the
government in Beijing. They needed help from
the Europeans to end this civil war.
• In the 1900 Boxer Rebellion Chinese
nationalism was more apparent when they
expressed their purpose to recover “China
for the Chinese.”