Transcript REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST The Industrial Revolution

REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 10 TEST
The Industrial Revolution
Unifications of Italy and Germany
Age of Imperialism
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 10 TEST
INSTRUCTIONS:
Go through the slides and answer each
question in the packet; the slide numbers
are listed for each question
What is NATIONALISM?
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a
nation of people
It is a sense of national identity exalting
one nation above all others
It can be defined as pride in one’s
nation, and it can also be defined as the
desire of an ethnic group to have its
own country
ITALY and GERMANY:
TWO DIVIDED NATIONS
GERMAN
STATES
ITALIAN
STATES
As of the early
1800s, the
German and
Italian people
were DIVIDED
into numerous
small states.
Germany and
Italy would not
become fully
unified until 1871
GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY
Giuseppe Garibaldi
wanted a unified Italy
under a republic style
of government
Garibaldi, who always
wore a red shirt in
battle, named his
forces the “Redshirts”
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck was
the Prime Minister of
Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the
unification of the German
states under the
leadership of Prussia
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
 Otto was an advocate of
realpolitik, “politics of
reality”, where there is no
room for idealism
 As someone in favor of
realpolitik, Bismarck was
ruthless and saw using
force, threats, and deceit as
ways to achieve his goals
“BLOOD AND IRON”
 In 1862, Bismarck makes
his intentions known:
“Germany will not be
united through
speeches and
diplomacy, but through
blood and iron.”
As a result of new methods in farming (such as
crop rotation), more food was made and
Europe’s population increased
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period
when there was a huge increase of machine-made
goods, which replaced work done by hand
The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of
producing goods, (2) mass production of goods,
increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities,
and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs
Workplace safety decreased for workers:
factories were often dirty, dangerous, and
unhealthy; hours were long and pay was low
The population boom created a demand for clothing,
but traditional methods of textile making were slow
As a result, the textile
industry became the
first to be industrialized
The Industrial
Revolution began in
England for a
variety of reasons
(1) England had large
deposits of natural
resources, such as
iron and coal
(2) England had
harbors and rivers to
help power factories
and move goods by
water
(3) England also had a government that encouraged
invention and invested money in business
INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS FURTHER
OTHER NATIONS FOLLOW BRITAIN’S
EXAMPLE AND INDUSTRIALIZE
U.S.A.
FRANCE
GERMANY
JAPAN
INDUSTRIALISM + NATIONALISM =
A FUTURE WAR BETWEEN THESE NATIONS
Eli Whitney’s
invention of
the cotton gin
stimulated a
demand for
cotton textiles
In 1765, James Watt invented
the first steam engine
Steam engines produced more
power and allowed factories to
be built in cities near workers
The textile industry and the rise of the factory
system led to the growth of other industries
Factories led to a
demand for faster
transportation
Roads and canals
(artificial waterways)
were built in
England; Robert
Fulton’s steamboat
increased the speed
of water travel
STEELMAKING
PROCESS
Henry Bessemer
invented a cheap
process for
making steel
(which is stronger
than iron)
What is a MONOPOLY?
A situation where
ONE company
owns all of a
type of product
or service;
there is NO
competition
Industrialization led to people moving out of the rural
areas and moving to cities; this “urbanization” caused
massive growth of cities in industrial countries
Adam Smith
explained
capitalism:
businesses
operated in a
free market
economy based
on competition,
profits, and
supply and
demand
Capitalists like Adam Smith believe
governments should have “laissez-faire”
(hands off) principles and avoid heavy taxes,
regulations, or interference in business
Socialists have a view
different from
capitalists: they
argued that the
government should be
involved with the
economy by enacting
laws and regulations
Socialists strive for
equality in society and
ending poverty by
redistributing wealth
from rich capitalists to
the poor workers
Karl Marx
introduced a
radical form of
socialism called
communism
With communism,
there would be no
more private
property and the
people would own
all means of
productions
Like socialists,
communists want
equality in society,
but want to get it in a
different way: Marx
which predicted a
war between the
“haves” and “have
nots”, where the
workers would rise
up and overthrow the
privileged class
IMPERIALISM is the seizure
of a country or territory by a stronger
country. The stronger country
dominates weaker countries
politically, economically, and socially.
The reason: the stronger country
gains power with the money it makes
from using the weaker country.
SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: Nations gain exclusive trading
rights in a territory,
all trade and business,
Formsdominate
of Imperialism
but allow the local government to make other decisions
COLONY: Europeans seize a territory
with their army and rule it directly
by sending governors to the colony
PROTECTORATE: Local government exists,
but Europeans make all real decisions in
order to protect their trade (controlling
them like a puppet)
The Industrial Revolution
led to a huge demand for
raw materials so countries
could make more
factory-produced goods
The Industrial Revolution
caused a huge demand for
new overseas markets to
sell their finished goods
Having numerous colonies in
Africa and Asia helped fuel
the Industrial Revolution
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
ECONOMIC
Economic motives included (1) the
desire to make money, (2) to
expand and control foreign trade,
(3) to create new markets for
products, and (4) to acquire raw
materials and cheap labor
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
POLITICAL
Political motives were based on (1) a
nation’s desire to gain power, (2) to
compete with other European
countries, (3) to expand territory, (4)
to exercise military force, and (5) to
gain prestige by winning colonies,
which boosts national pride
SOCIAL DARWINISM:
The Roots of European Racism
Social Darwinism is
a social theory
which states that
the level a person
rises to in society
and wealth is
determined by their
genetic background
To Europeans, this justified their imperialism
in Asia and Africa: they felt stronger people
had the right to rule weaker people
Based on the ideas behind “White Man’s Burden”,
Europeans believed that they had the right and
duty to bring the results of their progress to other
“inferior” and “uncivilized” countries
What sparked European interest in Africa?
Missionaries like Dr.
David Livingstone
were the first to
explore the interior
of Africa; what they
discovered caused
great interest in
Africa from
European rulers
The race for
African colonies
was so fierce
that Europeans
became afraid
wars would
break out
In 1884, 14 European
The main agreement: any
nations met at the
nation could claim land in
Congress of Berlin to
Africa by notifying the
“set the rules” for
other nations and showing
colonizing in Africa
it could control the area
No African nations were invited to attend
The most
dominant
imperial
power in
Africa was
Great
Britain
In 1882, Britain
seized control of
the Suez Canal
from a French
company so they
have a shorter
passage to their
colonies in Africa
and Asia
The most important
empire-builder in
Africa was the
British businessman,
Cecil Rhodes
Many citizens in
England dreamed of
Rhodes creating a
British colony that
stretched from from
“Capetown to Cairo”
POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA
ETHNIC/TRIBAL MAP OF AFRICA
The artificial boundaries created by Europeans
caused problems: they split up tribes and
combined tribes that did not get along; today,
Africa is plagued with warfare and genocide,
partly brought on by these unnatural boundaries
Britain had so many colonies that it was said
that the “sun never set on the British Empire”
Among all of Britain’s
colonies, the most
valuable was India
(which they called
“The Jewel in the
Crown of the British
Empire”)
India had this
nickname because it
produced so many
profitable cash-crops
(such as tea, cotton,
coffee, and opium)
“Cash
crops” are
non-food
products
like tea
and cotton
The East India Company made huge
profits creating plantations in India to
harvest tea, coffee, cotton, and opium
The British
emphasis
on cashcrop
plantations
led to food
shortages
and famine
in India
(seven
million
Indians
died due to To make sure they made money,
starvation the British pushed Indian farmers
to grow cash crops
in 1876)
The British were desperate to find a product
that the Chinese would buy so they could
gain access to Chinese trade…
The product: opium
was refined in India
and smuggled into
China; opium
addiction helped the
British gain access
to Chinese trade
The Sepoy Mutiny
In 1857, Sepoys refused to use new
ammunition cartridges greased
with pork/beef fat
The tops of the new type of
cartridges needed to be bitten off
before they could be loaded into
the new guns
The sepoys were either Muslim or
Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus
and pork is forbidden to Muslims
The anger over their religions
being offended led to the Sepoys
and then all of India rebelling
against the British
The British Army intervened, defeated the Sepoys,
and Britain took COMPLETE CONTROL of India, not
just control of its economy
British Queen Victoria
assumed the title of
“Empress of India”
The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian
history because it led to the British takeover of India
India was not the only European colony
in Southeast Asia
The Dutch
profited from
rubber, tin, oil
resources and
cash-crop
plantations
The French
also profited
from rice
plantations as
well as cashcrops (coffee,
tea, spices)
The British refused to end the opium trade
and China declared war on Britain
Britain used its modern navy to easily
win the Opium Wars (1839-1842)
The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars:
Britain received Hong Kong and extraterritorial
rights in China (this means that foreigners
were not subject to Chinese laws)
Another effect of China losing the Opium Wars was that
China was carved into a series of spheres of influences:
areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights
RUSSIA’S SPHERE
BRITAIN’S SPHERE
GERMANY’S SPHERE
FRANCE’S SPHERE
JAPAN’S SPHERE
Each of these countries had its own sphere of
influence in China, meaning it was the only country
to have trading rights in that part of China
The United States was worried about being excluded
from the trade with China; in 1899, the USA proposed
an Open Door Policy in China, so merchants from all
nations could trade freely in all Chinese ports
The growth of foreign influence, poverty among
peasants, and Christianity upset many Chinese
In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion
to expel foreigners from China; it was defeated
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S.
Navy arrived in Tokyo Harbor with four well-armed
steamships; he demanded that the Japanese trade
with the United States
AMERICAN SHIPS vs. JAPANESE BOATS
“Hey, Japan.
Trade with
us… or else!”
Japanese officials
realized they were
overmatched by U.S.
naval ships, so their
immediate action was
to open up ports to
trade with the U.S.
Japan’s Meiji emperor
Japan sent diplomats to
realized the best way to Europe and America to study
end Western influence
Western ways and adapt
was to modernize
them to their own country
End of the
feudal system
Modern
banking system
Land
Redistribution
Public schools
(Germany, USA,
& France)
Meiji
Reforms
Written
Constitution
(Germany)
Modernize
the Army
(Germany)
Build a
Modern Navy
(Britain)
Human Rights
& Religious
Freedom
Emperor
Worship
Intensified
As a result of the Spanish-American War,
Cuba gained its independence and the USA
annexed the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
When the Filipino people were not given
independence, they led an unsuccessful rebellion
against the USA in the Filipino-American War in 1899
NEXT, REVIEW SOME
MATERIAL FROM THE
PREVIOUS UNITS TO
REFRESH YOUR
MEMORIES
This map shows the locations of the
River Valley Civilizations (Ancient
Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River
Valley, and Ancient China)
European
Christians
fought Muslim
armies in a total
of nine
different
Crusades in an
effort to take
back Jerusalem
(the Holy Land)
Martin Luther publicly
posted the 95 Theses (his
complaints about the
Catholic Church); this began
the Protestant Reformation
Czar Peter the Great of Russia
was an absolute monarch who
wanted to modernize and
“Westernize” Russia to catch
up with Western Europe
The members of
the Third Estate,
the French
commoners,
hated having no
say in the
government and
having to pay all
the taxes
This cartoon shows the
poor Third Estate carrying
the burden of the First and
Second Estates
To improve the French
economy, he introduced a
fair tax system and created
a Bank of France to
regulate the money supply
European leaders met in 1815 at the
Congress of Vienna to restore a balance of
power in Europe after Napoleon’s fall