Transcript The Age of Imperialism: 1850

The Age of Imperialism: 1850 1914
AP WORLD HISTORY
MR. KRATZER
ROOM 812
Causes of Imperialism
 Why? Because. Western Nations had motive and
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opportunity.
Economic: Markets for goods, Hungry for Resources,
could dominate an area economically not politically
Military: New weapons (ex. Steam Fleets, Machine
Guns, needed base stations around the world.
Social: Rapid population growth – Emigration for
opportunity
Science and Technology: Quest for Knowledge,
medical advances
Causes continued…..
 Cultural: Racial Superiority – white, industrialized
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nations were entitled to conquer and colonize areas
that were backward or uncivilized
Social Darwinism – Science applied to Society
“I contend that we are the finest race in the world,
and the more of it we inhabit, the better it is.” – Cecil
Rhodes
“The White Man’s Burden”
NATIONALISM – Colonies were a source of
national pride.
Nationalism Continued….
 “C is for
colonies rightly
we boast. For
we are Great
Britain, and we
have the most”
- 1900
Nationalist Movements – Italian Unification
 Mid 19th Century Italy was
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a whole bunch of
independent states
Austria controlled some of
the North, France actually
controlled Rome, Spain
Sicily
Victor Emmanuel – King of
Sardinia
Count Camillo Cavour –
PrimeMinister
Made alliances with
European Nations to boot
out Austria
Italian Unification Continued
 Guiseppe Garibaldi –
Raised a volunteer army
to drive out Spain from
Sicily (1860)
 Over the next decade –
wars and alliances fought
and made to bring
together all Italian
speaking Peoples.
 Italy would seek now to
prove itself on the world
stage….
German Unification
 Like Italy – German
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speakers were divided into
numerous territories
Prussia and Austria were
the Largest
William I and Otto Von
Bismarck (1861)
Fought against Austria for
control of German
Protestant regions
1871 – Franco-Prussian
War – consolidated
German speaking Catholic
peoples to Prussia
German Unification Continued
 1871 – Bismarck declares
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the “2nd Reich”
Unification leads to rapid
Industrialization
1890 – New Emperor
William II kicks
Bismarck out
William II builds a
massive fleet, pursues
colonies, and militarizes
Germany will want
respect as a world power
How to Imperialize?
 England
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The sun never sets on the British
Empire
Primarily ruled indirectly – used
pre-existing local leaders to rule
through
 French
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“La mission civilisatrice”
More of a tendency to export
population to areas to rule over
directly – will lead to problems
 Portuguese – harsh
 Belgians – extremely harsh -
Congo
 Germany - Harsh
 Italy - Harsh
 United States – Limited imperial
ambitions
Colonization of India (Case Study)
 India has been a crux of
trade since post-classical
 Mughal rule breaking down
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Islam/Hindu Conflict
Returning to its natural state
 British East India Company
conquers Bangladesh in
1750’s
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Granted exclusive trade
rights
Set up administrative centers
all over India
Needed protection - Sepoys
India Continued…..
 1857 – Sepoy Mutiny
 B.E.I. not respecting customs
(ex. Pork/beef fat)
 Fear being sent overseas
 Massacres on both sides
 Hindus/Muslims don’t
cooperate
 Reaction
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British military deployed to
maintain order
India made a crown colony
300 million Indians not
British subjects
India Continued…..
Global Impact
British Imperial Model
 Raw materials to
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Britain – finished
goods to India
Upper Castes taught
English
Christianity Spread
Investment in
Infrastructure
Urbanization
 Affected Global
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economics
Movement of navies
International relations
Balance of world power
Gives Britain immense
wealth and prestige
The Good, the Bad and the Indian…
The Good (for India)
 Rapid Modernization-
roads, railroads,
factories,
 Educational systems –
will become the hallmark
of their society
 Create some Pro-west
sentiment
 Eliminated inhumane
cultural practices: Sati,
Thuggee, “Untouchables”
The Bad (for India)
 Profits sent back to Britain
 Destroys local businesses
and hand-crafted goods
 British confiscated lands if
taxes delinquent – mass
famine
 Economically Exploited
 Indian culture
marginalized – English
Customs become dominant
Europe in Southeast Asia
 Before 1800 – European
powers only control major
ports
 Why S.E. Asia? – Rubber,
tin, oil, copper, iron,
aluminum, chrome
 Thailand (Siam) – retains
independence
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Modern Monarchs –
introduced western
industrialization and reforms
Buffer Zone between French
Indochina and British Burma
Europe in China (Case Study)
 Qing Dynasty (Manchus)
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retained Isolationist
policies of Ming
Expanded by conquering
neighbors – post-classical
style
Unwilling to
modernize/industrialize –
delusions of grandeur
Limited European access to
markets
Napoleon – “Sleeping
Dragon”
Opium Wars in China
 1773 – British introduce
Opium – why?
 Trade imbalance swings
 1839 – Manchu Emperor
outlaws Opium
 1839-1842 – 1st “War”
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Treaty of Nanjing – open
ports, lower tariffs, Hong
Kong taken, Christian
missionaries back in
 1856 – 1860 – 2nd “War”
 All of China opened to trade
– “Spheres of Influence” –
controlled by foreigners
Fall of China
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Opium Wars lead to a series of violent
rebellions
White Lotus – Buddhists
Taiping – 2nd Deadliest war in world
history – 20-30 million dead
1895 – Sino-Japanese war – China
embarrassed by “little brother” – lose
territory
Leads to more foreign involvement –
“Open Door Policy”
Boxer Rebellion – “Society of righteous
and harmonious fists” – martial artists
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Anti-west, anti-manchu, anti-Christian
Easily defeated – few modern weapons
By 1900 traditional China is falling
apart
1911 – Government Toppled – will
become a republic led by SunYat-Sen
The Enigma of Japan
 Tokugawa Shogunate 18th
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century – Achievements?
Policies?
Very Similar to China –
Isolated, Proud,
“Backwards”
1853 – Commodore
Matthew Perry – “Gunboat
Diplomacy”
“Treaty of Friendship” –
Perry returns in 1854 with
a bigger fleet….
How can Japan resist this
power?
The Enigma of Japan: Meiji Restorartion
 1868 – Overthrow of the
Tokugawa – Meiji come
to power
 Irony – must embrace
the West to resist the
West
 Top-Down: emperor to
people
 Political Changes:
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Abolished Feudalism
Established Parliament –
“voted in” 5% could vote
Meiji Restoration continued….
Economic Changes
Social Changes
 No more rigid social
 Stress Efficiency – rural
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hierarchy
Civil service exams –
meritocracy
Urbanization and all the
problems that come with
it
Lower classes educated,
military service
Rapid population growth
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peasant numbers decline
Sent young upper class to
Europe and U.S. to train
Government investment
in Industry
Sponge for any and all
Western Technology
Traded their “market” for
technology
Africa in 1800 - Hundreds of Tribes and
Languages
North Africa
West Africa
 Sahara Desert
 Islamic reform
 Egypt and the Fertile
Nile
 Fertile land along the
Med.
 Close ties to Islamic
World
 Under Ottoman
Control
movement in wake of
abolishment of slave
trade
 “Jihad” preached as a
means of resistance
 New Muslim State arose
in West Africa based on
farming, herding, and
trade
 Ex. Asante Kingdom
Africa in 1800 continued
South Africa
East Africa
 Dutch Settler 1650’s –
 Port Cities and
similar climate
 Exapnded north –
Vortrekkers
 Wars between
Vortrekkers and Zulu
 Zulu were a centralized
militaristic nation
unified by Shaka
profitable trade
 Slave Trade
 Ivory and Copper in
Interior
Europe in Africa
 Europeans have little
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interest in Africa prior to
I.R. – only coastal areas
European contacts with
Africa increase: Explorers,
Missionaries, Settlers
1880-1910 “Scramble for
Africa” - Almost brings
Europe to war
1884-1885 – Berlin
Conference
By 1910 Only 2
independent nations in
Africa: Liberia, Ethiopia
The Berlin Conference - 1884
 Set up rules for African
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colonization – limit conflict
over colonies
Needed to be first to establish
possession – “effective
occupation”
Positives – added
infrastructure
Negatives – Economic
Exploitation, treatment of
Natives, erosion of African
culture
Borders of modern countries
based on European
possession, not cultural,
linguistic or tribal boundaries
– leads to conflict
African Regions and Domination
 North Africa: Easy to
control, many European
ties
 South Africa also easy,
established European
presence
 Sub-Saharan and Central
Africa difficult to control,
maintain communication
 West African Kingdoms
also difficult to subdue
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Ex. Anashti Kingdom
Europe in Middle East - “The Eastern Question”
 Ottoman Empire – “Sick
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Man of Europe”
Held together loosely a
very volatile area
Extremely Predictable
Europe doesn’t want
Ottomans to fall – Chaos
Prop up Empire and pick
off parts that they want
Nationalism at work –
Balkans gain independence
1876 – 1878
1908 – “Young Turks” prowest army officers – coup –
ally Ottomans with
Germans……..
Case Study: Egypt
 Egypt part of the Ottoman
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Empire – However wanted
independence
Muhammad Ali revolt 1805 –
breaks away goes on the offensive
France/Britain step in, why?
Don’t want to see Ottomans
toppled.
N. Africa now cut off from
Ottoman – goes to Europeans
Egypt begins construction of
Suez Canal – French & British
investment
1881 military revolt leads British
to intervene to protect interests
Egypt becomes protectorate –
expand South