Transcript Imperialism and Nationalism

Middle East:
Imperialism and
Nationalism
#17 Similarity between Atatürk,
Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan
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Nationalist Leaders
they all tried to create modern industrialized
nations and end foreign influence
Imperialism & Nationalism
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Imperialism: control of one country of the political,
economic and cultural life of another country
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Mandate: region ruled by outside power: any territory that was
placed by the League of Nations under the administration of one of
its European member states after World War I
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Nationalism: desire for political independence:
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especially by a country under foreign control or
by a people with a separate identity and culture but no state of their
own
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Relationship?
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Cause and effect
“The Sick Man of Europe”
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman Empire
faces major challenges from the following
nations/people:
1. Austria-Hungary – rival power in Europe
2. Russia – rival power in Europe and Asia
 BOTH want territory from the Ottomans
3. Greeks, Serbs, Romanians, and Bulgarians
living within Ottoman Empire
 These people wanted INDEPENDENCE from
Ottomans
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“The Sick Man of Europe”
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France and England
alarmed by Ottoman
decline; believe it
will give Russia too
much power in
Europe and Middle
East
They call Ottomans
“The Sick Man of
Europe”
Ottoman Empire
#1 Challenges to the Ottoman Empire:
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Imperialism: external
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Russia and Austria-Hungary wanted
Ottoman provinces in Europe –
encouraged revolts
Nationalism: internal
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National groups within the empire sought
independence
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Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians
#2 Sultans try to
Reforms of the Ottoman Empire
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Reforms to modernize the government & the army
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Like west
Set up secular schools to teach students western
ideas in science and technology
SECULAR: nonreligious
WERE REFORMS SUCCESSFUL?
 Reforms didn’t go smoothly
 Many Sultans refused demands
# 3 YOUNG TURKS
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Young army officers who wanted to
Reform/strengthen the Ottoman Government –
against the Sultans and put their own Sultan in place
were nationalists: #4
Ended Ottoman tolerance of different cultures and
religions
1.
2.
Turkification of ethnic minorities
Joined WWI on side of Germans
# 4 Young Turks support Turkish
Nationalism
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Wanted to end western imperialism
Wanted to abandon diversity of culture and
religions
Followed a brutal policy of genocide that
cause the death of hundreds of thousands of
Armenians.
Resting after battle during Turkish revolution
The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre 1915
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Ottomans (Turkey) and Russia fight for control of Armenia in 1916-1917
After Russians withdraw, Turks seize territory and punish Armenians for their
support of Russia
Turks institute policy of massacre and famine, known as The Armenian
Genocide
As many as 1.5 million Armenians are killed
Armenian Genocide Video
60 Minutes Armenian Genocide 2010
Mehmed VI
The Last Ottoman Sultan!
#5 What happened to the Ottoman
Empire after WWI?
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The Ottoman empire sided with Germany against
Russia, Britain and France.
Defeat brought disaster to the Empire.
1919 the Versailles peace conference stripped the
Ottoman Empire of its Arab provinces.
MANDATE: TERRITORY THAT WAS
ADMINISTERED BUT NOT OWNED BY A
MEMBER OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
(FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN)
WWI Effects on Arabs
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Angered by Treaty/agreement: Why?
Promises were made and broken to Arabs
about setting up independent Arab
Kingdoms for revolting against Ottoman
rule
 Arab land was divided up between the
British and French
 Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Mandates:
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A territory administered but not owned by a member
of the League of Nations.
Mandates
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A territory administered but not owned
by a member of the League of Nations.
Republic of Turkey
1923
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Ottoman Empire sides with Germany and
Austria-Hungary during World War I.
Turkey loses World War I. ALL of its
remaining territories outside Anatolia are lost
Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general and war
hero, abolishes the Ottoman Empire and sets
up a modern, secular state
#6 Who was Kemal Atatürk?
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Atatürk = Father of the Turk
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – military hero
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Declared the Republic of Turkey (1923)
#7 What did Kemal want to do?
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Determined to make Turkey a modern
secular state – Program of Westernization
Reforms of Atatürk
#7 What did Kemal want to do?
He used government funds to build industry
 Insisted on separation of religion and
government
 Women won the right to vote & hold public
office - rights
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Adopted many features of western culture
Replaced Arabic script with the western
alphabet, western calendar, metric system
 He encouraged western-style clothing
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A woman judge holding court in
Turkey
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A woman judge holding court in Turkey, exemplifying the reforms in the rights of
women instituted by Mustapha Kemal between 1924 and 1938.
Turkey Adopting a New Alphabet
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Atatürk turned Turkey toward the west in several ways, changing the calendar, methods of
time-keeping, and systems of weights and measures. He replaced the Arabic script with the
Roman alphabet. Here a teacher is explaining the new alphabet to students. Within the next
few months, teachers were retrained, printing presses were equipped and courses were
established to teach the masses the new alphabet. A three-year plan was enacted. The literacy
rates during this time increased from around 10% to 75% for men and 45% for women.
#8 Who opposed Atatürk?
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Muslims opposed Atatürk’s policies
Concerned that the western ways would
destroy their traditions and values
Opposed Westernization:
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the diffusion and adoption of European and
American cultures
Quick Check
The peace settlements after World War I angered the
Arabs because
1. the Ottoman Empire was restored to power
2. Arab nationalism was outlawed
3. European nations acquired mandates over various
Arab lands
4. Theodore Herzl was made ruler of Palestine
Quick Check
Atatürk is best remembered for
1. ending European imperialism in Egypt.
2. modernizing Turkey.
3. overthrowing the Safavid Empire.
4. forcing the crusaders to leave Jerusalem.
Rise of Modern Egypt
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Ottomans lose control of Egypt in the
late 18th century
England and France fight for control
over Egypt - trade
Rise of Modern Egypt
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Rivalry between Britain and France (#9)
 Both countries wanted to dominate Egypt
and build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez
Rise of Modern Egypt
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(#10) Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) becomes
governor of Egypt
-he was a soldier who fought against the French
 He introduced reforms to modernize Egypt
 Brought in French experts to train Egyptians in
latest military & science techniques
 Introduced new farming techniques &
promoted growing cash crops like cotton, sugar
& tobacco
 textile mills
Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)
#11 Developments encouraging
Nationalism in Egypt
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Financial problems allowed imperialists to
intervene
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Had to borrow money from European banks to
continue policies (debt)
Lost control of the Suez Canal
Lost control of own economy
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Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849)
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Map of the Suez Canal
The Suez Canal
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Egypt borrows large sums of money from England and
France to pay for Ali’s policies
England and France interfere in Egyptian economy and
politics
French win the right to build Suez Canal; is completed in
1869
British Occupation
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Egyptians attempt to take back control of their
country from Britain and France
Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882
Egypt finally gains independence in 1922, but
Suez Canal remains under British control until
1956
Suez Canal
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#12
Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882
Egypt declared their independence from
Britain in 1922
Egypt gained control of
the Suez Canal in 1956
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Quick Check
A similarity between Muhammad Ali and
Atatürk was that both
1. wanted to build the Suez Canal
2. encouraged Islamic fundamentalism.
3. introduced western technology to their
countries.
4. fought against the Allies in World War I.
#13 Challenges Iran faced
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European imperialism
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Russia and Britain both compete for influence in
Iran (ancient Persia)
Both want access to the Persian Gulf (sound
familiar?)
spheres of influence - oil controlled by Britain
Shahs (king) were weak
Government lacked power to resist European
expansion
#14 Pahlavi Dynasty
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By early 1900’s, nationalists demand reform
Reza Khan declared Iran’s independence & set
up Pahlavi Dynasty
Military leader
He made himself shah
In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah
Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and
founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a
system of government that revitalized the goals
of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran
Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944)
#15 Reza Khan’s Goals
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He set out to end foreign control and create a
modern industrial state
Reduce Muslim clergy power
He pursued these goals by modernizing and
westernizing
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Improved infrastructure
Rights for women, western education, government
and laws
Arab Nationalism
Ottomans lose Arab lands after World War I
 Britain and France gain control of most of these
territories, angering the Arabs
 Britain: receives Iraq, Transjordan, & Palestine
 France: gets Syria and Lebanon
Mandate – arrangement granting control, but not
ownership, of these territories to Britain
and France
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Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence (1888-1935), the
legendary and enigmatic "Lawrence of Arabia."
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British encouraged the Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule in 1916.
T. E. Lawrence, a British officer, leads them. Is known as Lawrence of Arabia
Is angered when British do not grant Arabs independence
#16 Causes of Arab Nationalism
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WWI
Felt betrayed because provinces now became
mandates
Britain and France unwilling to withdrawl
because of oil
Some independence for Arabs
#17 Similarity between Atatürk,
Muhammad Ali and Reza Khan

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Nationalist Leaders
they all tried to create modern industrialized
nations and end foreign influence