Transcript 20. US Chapter 16 - America`s Rise to Globalism

From Isolation to Global War
Chapter 16
Postwar Isolationism
 Resistance to international
commitments
The League of Nations and the U.S.
 Attempts at Disarmament
Believed the armaments race had caused
WWI
Washington Armaments Conference of
1921
Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922)
Postwar Isolationism
 The Kellogg-Briand Pact
62 countries “condemn recourse to war . . .
And renounce it as an instrument of
national policy.”
Escape hatch – “self-defense”
 Becoming a Good Neighbor
The Good Neighbor Policy
U.S. would not intervene in Latin America
Pan-American Conference
New Problems
in the 1930s
 Economic Problems in Europe-- As the
U.S. struggled to recover during the Great
Depression, so did all of Europe.
Benito Mussolini rose to power in the 1920s out
of an appeal to Italian nationalism. He symbolized
the rising force of fascism.
Adolph Hitler gained control of Germany in 1933
with calls of anticommunism, anti-Semitism, and
the promise to unite all Germans.
Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in
1933 in order to create its own empire.
 The rise of fascism and militarism in
Europe and Asia brought the world to war.
Appeasement
 Italy invaded North Africa in 1935.
The world did nothing.
 Germany occupied the Rhineland in 1936.
The world did nothing.
 A Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936.
Hitler and Mussolini supplied Francisco Franco’s
rebels with supplies, weapons, and troops.
Other than the Soviet Union, the world did nothing.
 Japan invaded China in 1937.
The world did nothing.
Appeasement
 The U.S. followed a policy of cash-and-carry
so that they would not get involved.
 In 1937, Germany, Japan, and Italy signed the
Anti-Comintern (Tripartite) Pact and became
known as the Axis powers.
In 1938, Germany took over Austria, and threatened to
annex the Sudetenland (full of ethnic Germans).
 Munich Conference (1938)
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain flew to
meet with Germany and agreed if that was his last
territorial gain.
Six months later Hitler took the rest of
Czechoslovakia.
Hitler’s Invasion
 By 1939 Hitler made little secret that he
intended to recapture territory Germany
lost to Poland after World War I.
 Germany and the Soviet Union signed a
nonaggression pact in 1939 that would
allow Hitler to invade western Poland and
Stalin would annex eastern Poland, the
Baltic states, and parts of Romania and
Finland.
 Hitler invade Poland on September 1, 1939
and began an expansion that would
eventually lead to all of continental Europe
The Diplomacy of
Isolationism
 Now, only Great Britain stood between
Hitler and the United States.
(Battle of Britain)
 U.S.: Isolationists versus
Internationalists
Nye Committee – Congressional committee
led by Sen. Gerald Nye (ND)
U.S. involvement in WWI caused by bankers
and munitions makers - “merchants of death”
The Diplomacy of
Isolationism
 Support for the Allies grows because if they
supply them they will not have to send
troops.
Cash-and-Carry
Lend-Lease aid (ships in exchange for military
bases in Bermuda, etc.)
U.S. gives away supplies and delivers them
 Atlantic Charter (August 1941)
Secret meeting between FDR and Churchill
 A joint declaration of war aims
U.S. began arming merchant ships and ordered
Navy to “shoot on sight” any German or Italian
submarines that entered U.S. waters
counter point
counter
 Why was the U.S. hesitant to enter the
war?
To most Americans, domestic problems were
more important than foreign affairs.
Experiences in WWI – senseless bloodbath,
no accomplishment.
Japan
 Japan is expanding in the Pacific in search of
raw materials.
 Problems
U.S. insisted of Japan’s withdrawal from China
Japan’s alliance with Germany and Italy
 Negotiations over commercial treaty
 U.S. had broken Japanese diplomatic codes
 U.S. freezes Japanese assets and starts
embargo
U.S. cuts off sale of airplane fuel to Japan and cuts
back on other natural resources.
Japanese Navy’s oil reserves (2 years)
U.S. Enters War
 “Hull Note” delivered on Nov. 26, 1941
Basically restated U.S. demands
Prime Minister Tōjō sees note as
ultimatum and and proof that further
diplomacy was futile.
Japanese public opinion was firmly behind
the decision for war.
 Late Nov., 1941 – U.S. learns Japanese
Armada leaves Japan / lost track of and
thought they were headed to attack the
Philippines
 Dec. 6, Japan breaks off negotiations,
December 7, 1941
 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
U.S. fleet caught unprepared
2400 sailors died, 1200 wounded,18 ships
sunk, and 160 aircraft damaged and 200
destroyed.
Only the aircraft carriers, by chance on
maneuvers, escaped the worst naval
defeat in American history.
U.S. Entry
 FDR – “a date that will live in
infamy.”
 Dec. 8, 1941 - U.S. declares war on
Jap
 Germany and Italy declare war on
U.S.
 With the Japanese attack on the U.S.,
World War II became a global war.
 The U.S. would enter the war against
counter point
counter
Did Roosevelt Deliberately Invite War?
Cultural Misconceptions
 May have explained the coming of war
better than any conspiracy theory.
 American leaders were surprised by the
attack on Pearl Harbor because they could
not quite believe that the Japanese were
daring or resourceful enough to attack an
American stronghold some 4,000 miles
from Japan.
 Japanese militarists counted on a surprise
attack to give them time to build a line of
defense strong enough to discourage
weak-willed Westerners from continuing
Significant Events
 1931 Japan invades Manchuria
 1935 First Neutrality Act
 1939 World War II begins in Europe
 1940 Roosevelt wins third term
 1941 Congress adopts Lend-Lease Act
Roosevelt & Churchill sign Atlantic Charter
Pearl harbor attacked
 1942 WPB and WLB created
Battles of Guadalcanal and Midway fought
American and British troops invade North
Africa
 1944 D-Day invasion of France
Island hopping campaign reaches Guam
 1945 Atom bombs dropped on Japan