Transcript Federal Emergency Relief Act

A.P. United States History
Unit 6/3rd 9-Weeks Test
John Smith saved Jamestown from
starving, John Rolfe saved the colony
financially by introducing the cultivation
of tobacco.
Pocahontas
Separatist Puritans a/k/a Pilgrims
settled in Plymouth in 1620. They
established the Mayflower Compact
In which the settlers consented to be
Governed.
Quakers led by William Penn established Pennsylvania. They had
good relations with the Native Americans, disagreed with slavery and
allowed more rights for women. Church and state were separated in
Pennsylvania. They paid taxes to the State but were not required to
pay Tithes to the Church.
In 1732, James
Oglethorpe was
given a charter from
King George II to
create a new colony
which he would
name Georgia. This
was located between
South Carolina and
Florida. It had two
main purposes: to
serve as a place
where debtors in
prison could go to
start anew and it
served as a barrier
against Spanish
expansion from
Florida
Mercantilism
Mother Country #1, More exports than Imports, Collect all gold
The Navigation Acts were efforts to put the theory of mercantilism into actual practice.
Under the provisions of this legislation, trade with the colonies was to be conducted
only in English or colonial ships and trade destined for nations outside the empire had
to go first to England.
The Articles of
Confederation were
Americas first
government. This
government gave the
states more power
than the central
government.
Alexander Hamilton,
Washington’s Secretary of the
Treasury was the leader of the
Federalist party which believed
in loose interpretation of the
Constitution. Washington
eventually identified himself
with the Federalist party.
Thomas Jefferson,
Washington’s Secretary of
State was the leader of the
Democratic-Republican
party which believed in
Strict interpretation of the
Constitution
CHART
Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt
The War of 1812 resulted in a rise of U.S.
pride but did not result in new lands for
the U.S. The Federalists party died due to
their opposition to the war.
Henry Clay’s AMERICAN SYSTEM
A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced
by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay,
John Quincy Adams.
The System included:
-Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for
the federal government
-Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
-Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein
in risky state and local banks
-Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals)
which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales
revenues.
.
No candidate received
enough electoral party
votes in 1824 to win the
presidency so the election
was decided by the House
of Reps. The speaker of
the House, Henry Clay,
threw is support to John
Quincy Adams who won.
Later Clay was appointed
Secretary of State. This
was seen as some as a
“Corrupt Bargain.
Immigrants are generally seen as competition for jobs.
William Lloyd Garrison
(1805 –1879) was a
prominent American
abolitionist, journalist,
and social reformer. He
is best known as the
editor of the radical
abolitionist newspaper,
The Liberator, and as
one of the founders of
the American AntiSlavery Society, he
promoted "immediate
emancipation" of slaves
in the United States.
Garrison was also a
prominent voice for the
women's suffrage
movement.
After the Mexican-American War and the gold rush of 1849, California applied
for statehood as a free statehood. No other state was applying to keep the free
state-slave state balance as in 1820 so an omnibus bill was agreed to called
the Compromise of 1850. The Compromise included:
CA entered as a free state
Utah/NM Territories entered under the concept
of popular sovereignty
There was to be no sale of slaves in
Washington, DC
MOST CONTROVERSIAL--A reinforced Fugitive Slave Act was
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was suggested by Senator Stephen Douglas
of Illinois in order to allow the transcontinental railroad to be built through
Illinois. It allowed popular sovereignty north of the 36x30 line to get the
vote of the Southern senators, the Kansas Nebraska Act nullified the
Missouri Compromise of 1820 causing great controversy and the
establishment of the Republican Party.
After the Battle of Antietam, President
Abraham Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation The
Proclamation declared "that all persons
held as slaves" within the rebellious
states "are, and henceforward shall be
free“ as of January 1, 1863. Making
Emancipation an official objective of the
war prevented the Europeans from
supporting the Confederacy.
Most freedmen had limited skills so had to enter into sharecropping
(farmed land and shared crops with owner of land) or crop lien
agreements (paid rent to farm the owners land) with their former master
which put them into a cycle of debt which they could not escape.
With the arrival of the settlers taking advantage of the Homestead
Act in 1862, there began to be violence between the Plains Tribes
and the Homesteaders. To solve this problem the government put
the Native Americans on limited reservations and told them to farm.
The Plains Tribes were nomads who followed the buffalo and did
not want to farm.
To assimilate the Plains tribes into American society the Dawes Act or
General Allotment Act,1887, was passed which divided the reservations
into individual plots of land for each Native American head of
household. Once the reservations were divided 65% was left over for
American settlement.
The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act,] July 2, 1890, requires the
United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts,
companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act.
It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still
forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal
government.
However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to enforce this law until
Teddy Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1909).
Social
Darwinism
V.
The wealthy entrepreneur must
assume the responsibility of
distributing his fortune in a way
that it will be put to good use (i.e.
universities, libraries, etc).
Any attempt to provide
welfare for the poor is a
mistake.
Feeding or housing the
poor simply permits them
to survive and to transmit
their unfitness to their
children, who in turn
would pass it on to their
children thus weakening
society and the human
race.
The Populist Party:
-originally the People's Party was established in 1891
-advocated:
*the public ownership of transportation esp. the railroads
*the free and unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism)
*the abolition of national banks
*tariff reduction
*a system of graduated income tax
*the direct election of United States Senators.
At the 1896 Democratic
Convention, William
Jennings Bryan gave his
“Cross of Gold” Speech
“… You shall not press
down upon the brow of
labor this crown of thorns,
you shall not crucify
mankind upon a cross of
gold…”
Booker
T=work
hard and
prove
worthy of
equal rights
(Tuskegee
Institute)
W.E.B.
Dubois=Eq
ual rights
NOW
(NAACP)
The New Immigrants were those
immigrants who came to the
United States between 1880 and
1920 mainly from Southeastern
Europe, the Middle East, and
Asia.
Jacob Riis was a journalist and
photographer who photographed
the immigrants and the conditions
in which they lived.
Due to the jobs available in the north in World War I there was a “Great
Migration” of African Americans from the south to the north.
One of the results of
the Great Migration
was a flowering of
African American art
and literature known
as the Harlem
Renaissance.
Because of the corruption in the Warren G. Harding administration
such as the Teapot Dome Scandal Harding is often compared to U.S.
Grant.
Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line made cars
available to the average American.
The Flappers of
the 1920’s became
the icon of the
1920’s.
The Klan rose again in the 1920’s but expanded it’s focus from just
African Americans to immigrants, Jews, and Catholics.
The main issue of the Scopes Trial was
whether Darwinism could legally be
taught in schools. This trial illustrates the
conflict between fundamentalism and
modernism.
Prohibition resulted in the rise
in organized crime.
President
Hoover’s
approach to
the
depression
emphasized
the
importance of
relying on
local
government
and private
charities
instead of
relying on the
Federal
government.
-1924, a grateful Congress voted to give a bonus to World War I veterans $1.25 for each day served overseas, $1.00 for each day served in the
States but payment would not be made until 1945. By 1932 the nation had slipped into the dark days of the Depression and
the unemployed veterans wanted their money immediately.
-May 1932 15,000 veterans, many unemployed and destitute, descended
on Washington, D.C. to demand immediate payment of their bonus.
-10,000 veterans, women, and children made shanty towns (Hoovervilles)
around Washington DC.
-A month after Congress voted down the immediate payment the Bonus
army was ordered to evacuate all government property.
-Washington police met with resistance, shots were fired and two
marchers killed.
-President Hoover then ordered the army (led by Douglas MacArthur) to
forcefully clear out the veterans.
Shanty towns
were often
called
Hoovervilles.
FDR’s First Hundred Days aka First New Deal
-Emergency Banking Relief Act
-Economy Act
-Unemployment Relief Act (Civilian Conservation Corps)
-Agricultural Adjustment Act (Agricultural Adjustment
Administration)
-Federal Emergency Relief Act
-Tennessee Valley Authority
-Federal Securities Act
-Home Owners Refinancing Act
-Farm Credit Act
-Banking Act of 1933 (FDIC)
-National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA, PWA)
FDR’s Second New Deal
-Civil Works Administration
-Civil Works Emergency Relief Act
-Fair Labor Standards Act
-Home Owners’ Loan Act
-Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
-Securities and Exchange Act (SEC)
-Rural Electrification Act
-Communications Act (FCC)
-Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act
-National Housing Act of 1937
-National Housing Act (FHA)
-Bankhead-Jones Farm
-Emergency Relief Appropriations
-Tenancy Act
Act (WPA)
-National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
-Revenue Act of 1935
-Social Security Act
-Public Utilities Holding Company Act
-Banking Act of 1935
-Resettlement Administration
When the Supreme Court declared some of his New Deal programs
unconstitutional, FDR attempted to add justices to the Court. This was
called the Court Packing scheme.
Hitler becomes Prime Minister
of Germany and later takes full
power after the death of
Hindenberg and the burning of
the Reischtag.
In response to Hitler’s demand for the
Sudetenland (belonging to
Czechoslovakia), England entered the
Munich Pact in which Hitler was given
the Sudetenland for his promise not to
invade any other land. This policy is
called Appeasement.
Hitler later breaks his promises and
invades the rest of Czechoslovakia.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Hitler enters a non-aggression Pact (not a treaty) with the USSR. They agreed
to split Poland and not go to war with each other.
England and France declare war on Germany when the Nazis
invade Poland on Sept. 1, 1939.
1940, Germany invades western Europe
1940-1941, Germany bombs
England in preparation of a crosschannel invasion that never
comes.
Summer 1941, Hitler breaks the Non-Aggression Pact and invades the
USSR.
Due to overpopulation and lack of resources, Japan began
to expand their empire in Asia during the 1930’s.
Japan’s invasion of China
(Manchuria) brought them
into conflict with the
United States
The U.S. entered World War II
after the bombing of Pearl
Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
During World War II, Japanese
immigrants and American civilians of
Japanese descent living on the West
Coast were put in internment camps.
This action was argued in the Supreme
Court (Korematsu v. U.S). It was deemed
legal because the Japanese in America
may have been a “clear and present
danger”.
World War II was the first war in which America drafted prior to the
entering the war.
During World War II
women were
encouraged to work
in the factories to
increase war
production.
1942, Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch)
1943, Allied invasion of Italy
The Battle of Midway was the turning point in
the war against the Japanese. From this point
forward Japan was on the defensive.
The Soviet Union wanted the Allies to invade western Europe
(France) in order to force the Nazis to fight a two front war.
June 6, 1944 (D-DAY) the Allies invaded France (Normandy)
Feb 1945, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta in which Stalin agreed
to:
-formation of the UN
-3 month deadline for USSR to enter Pacific War
-“representative” govs in E. Europe
Yalta
April 1945
May 1945
To defeat the Japanese, Truman had
3 choices:
-D-Day style invasion of the
Japanese home island
-demonstration of the a-bomb on an
deserted island in the Pacific
-use it on the Japanese with warning
The Japanese surrender in August 1945 after the dropping of the
A-bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.