Transcript semester test review ppt

U.S. History
Unit 1, 2, and 3 Review
Although slavery was abolished, in the 1860s exconfederate states started laws called Black Codes that
restricting the rights of the newly freed slaves (curfews,
work contracts, etc) who were free but not yet citizens.
The 14th Amendment was ratified on July 9, 1868.
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the state wherein they reside.
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States;
nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
laws.
The 15th Amendment was ratified Feb 3, 1870
At the time the U.S. followed the
policy of Laissez Faire which is
a doctrine opposing governmental
interference in economic affairs
beyond the minimum necessary for
the maintenance of peace and
property rights. This policy allowed
monopolies to form which reduced
business competition.
Social Darwinism
Andrew Carnegie promoted the idea of Social Darwinism.
Social Darwinism applied Darwin's theories of natural selection to human
society.
Any attempt to provide welfare for the poor is a mistake as it permits the
unfit to survive and to transmit their unfitness to their children.
The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed by Congress in 1890.
It prohibits certain business activities that reduce competition in the
marketplace, and requires the United States federal government to investigate
and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in
violation.
However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to refer to the law until
Theodore Roosevelt's presidency (1901–1909).
Senator John Sherman
Although
industrialization
provided many
cheap products
it was difficult on
the workers who
suffered unsafe
conditions, long
hours and
repetitive jobs.
Unions are organizations
where the workers
bargain with the factory
owner as a group
in order to get more pay,
shorter hours, and
better conditions.
*The American Federation of Labor
(AFL) was founded in 1886 by
Samuel Gompers
*The AFL's “bread and butter
unionism” favored pursuit of workers'
immediate demands, rather than
challenging the rights of owners
under capitalism.
*The AFL was limited to skilled
workers.
There were 3 major very
violent strikes in the late
1800’s including:
The Haymarket Square
Riot,1886
The Homestead strike, 1892
The Pullman Strike, 1893
In each of these strikes the
government called out the
police, army, etc to break up
the strike and force the
strikers back to work.
CHART
Immigration, 1870-1910
After 1870 immigrants
predominantly came from
Eastern and Southern
Europe, the Middle East,
and Asia (before that they
usually came from
Western Europe). These
immigrants were called
the New Immigrants and
often had little in common
with native born
Americans (language,
religion, culture, etc.).
Dislike or fear of
immigrants is called
NATIVISM.
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first
significant restriction on free immigration in U.S.
history. It excluded Chinese laborers from the
country under penalty of imprisonment and
deportation.
Newly arrived rural Americans (Farmers) and
new immigrants crowded into urban areas.
Tenements spread across city landscapes,
teeming with crime and filth.
The Homestead Act (1862) offered 160 acres of unoccupied land to
any head of household who lived on the land for five years.
EXODUSTERS was the name given to ex-slaves who received land
in the west.
With the arrival of the settlers taking advantage of the Homestead
Act in 1862, there began to be violence between the Plains Tribes
and the Homesteaders.
To solve this problem the government put the Native Americans on
limited reservations and told them to farm. The Plains Tribes were
nomads who followed the buffalo and did not want to farm.
In 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson published the book "Century of Dishonor" in
which she outlined all the inequities perpetrated against the Indians.
Jackson's book was well received and Congress appointed a commission to
look into Indian affairs.
The result was the Dawes Act.
The Dawes Act,1887, was passed by the
U.S. to break up the reservations
(Dawes Divided!) and given Native
Americans their own piece of land of
160 acres
The aim of the act was to absorb tribe
members into American society and to
free up reservation land for American
settlement.
The Populist Party aka The Peoples Party (1891) wanted
*the public ownership of transportation esp. the
railroads
*the free and unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism)
to increase the supply of money (to increase the
prices of their crops!)
*a system of graduated income tax
*the direct election of United States
Senators.
In the late 1800’s many southern
states passed laws intended to
restrict the African American vote
such as:
Literacy Tests
and
Poll Taxes
IF a person’s grandfather could vote
prior to 1865 (Grandfather Clause)
however they did not have to meet
these qualifications!
Also in the late 1800’s Jim Crow Laws separated whites and
blacks in public places in the south after the Civil War.
-1892, 30-year-old Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the
East Louisiana Railroad.
-Plessy deliberately sat in the white section and was arrested and the case went
all the way to the United States Supreme Court.
-1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard the case and held the
Louisiana segregation statute constitutional
-The Plessy decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and
whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal."
-The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of
public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public schools.
Booker
T=work
hard and
prove
worthy of
equal rights
(established
Tuskegee
Institute)
W.E.B.
Dubois=
Equal
rights
NOW!
(NAACP)
Muckrakers were journalists and
photographers who exposed the
problems in society.
One of the most famous muckraker
novels was “The Jungle” which led to the
Pure Food and Drug Act and the FDA.
16th Amendment:
The Congress shall have
power to lay and collect
taxes on incomes, from
whatever source derived...
17th Amendment
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each
State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have
one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
18th Amendment
Section 1. ..the manufacture, sale,
or transportation of intoxicating
liquors within, the importation
thereof into, or the exportation
thereof from the United States…for
beverage purposes is hereby
prohibited.
19th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any State on
account of sex.
TR also
believed the
federal
government
must
conserve the
nations
natural
resources.
Annexation of Hawaii
In January 1893, as Liliuokalani, group of
white business men with the aid of armed
US troops, declared the monarchy
overthrown.
They announced a provisional government
led by Sanford Dole, son of a pioneer
missionary.
Wanting to avoid bloodshed, the queen
stepped down.
The provisional government immediately
appealed to the US for annexation, while
the queen appealed to the US to restore the
monarchy.
The Spanish American War signaled the beginning of U.S. Imperialism (to
have an empire).
How to Become a World Power?
Naval Power
Alfred Mahan’s book “The Influence of Sea
Power” urged the U.S. to build a larger navy
in order to maintain the safety of our
merchant ships and empire.
1890
The Open Door Policy or Notes was issued in an attempt to
Open China to U.S. trade.
Theodore Roosevelt announced an addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
He stated, in referring to South and Central America, that the United States
had the right and the need to intervene in the internal affairs of states in the
Western hemisphere if they did not get their own affairs in order.
Teddy Roosevelt used Big Stick Diplomacy. He is often portrayed as a cop
wielding a night stick to achieve foreign policy goals.
When WWI
broke out in
Europe the
United
States
declared
Neutrality.
1917, The
Zimmerman
Note or
Telegram
offered an
alliance
between
Germany and
Mexico
against the
Allied
Powers.
Shortly after
the U.S.
declared war
on the
Central
Powers.
World War I allowed the government to become more powerful. The
government asked the American people to conserve food in order to feed
the armies and civilians in Europe.
Women and minorities fulfilled the needs that the allies had in the war.
During World War I a GREAT MIGRATION took place in the United States
which was the movement of African Americans from the South to the North in
order to attain jobs in factories.
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Point
Peace Plan was his attempt
to provide a lasting and
just peace.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to
develop her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along
clearly recognisable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in AustriaHungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for
the Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. NonTurks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to
the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and
territorial independence of all states.
XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under
specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees
of political independence and territorial integrity to great and
small states alike.
Wilson was willing to compromise on all
of this fourteen points in the Treaty of
Versailles in order to keep the 14th point
which he considered the most important.
The 14th point established a League of
Nations to deal with future problems.
The Senate led by Henry Cabot Lodge did not ratify the
Versailles Treaty and thus the U.S. did not join the League of
Nations. The Senate was concerned that the U.S. sovereignty
would be threatened and we would be required to intervene in all
problems throughout the world.
Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line made cars
available to the average American.
The Roaring Twenties is a time of new ideas
and a changing of society which bothered
the “Old School” people.
The Flappers of
the 1920’s became
the icon of the
1920’s.
New products and advertising caused many Americans to buy on credit.
Movies, Sports, and the Radio promoted a
shared or mass culture in America
The main issue of the Scopes Trial was
whether Darwinism could legally be
taught in schools. This trial illustrates the
conflict between fundamentalism and
modernism.
Prohibition resulted in the
rise in organized crime.
Prohibition was reversed by
the 21st Amendment in 1933.
One of the results of
the Great Migration
was a flowering of
African American art
and literature known
as the Harlem
Renaissance.
In 1929 the Stock Market crashed which signaled the Great Depression.
When the Great Depression began there were many “runs” on banks.
These occur because everyone goes to the bank at the same time to
withdraw their money which causes the bank to go out of business.
Since there was no FDIC (deposit insurance) the people who did not
get there in time to get their money lost everything.
President
Hoover’s
approach to
the
depression
emphasized
the
importance
of relying on
local
government,
volunteerism,
and private
charities
instead of
relying on
the Federal
government.
Shanty towns
were often
called
Hoovervilles.
-1924, Congress voted to give a bonus to World War I veterans but
payment would not be made until 1945. -May 1932 15,000 unemployed veterans marched on Washington, D.C. to
demand immediate payment of their bonus.
-10,000 veterans, women, and children made shanty towns (Hoovervilles)
around Washington DC.
-Congress voted down the immediate payment and the Bonus
army was ordered to evacuate all government property.
-When the BONUS ARMY refused President Hoover ordered the
army (led by Douglas MacArthur) to forcefully clear out the
veterans.
Because of overproduction of crops during World War I and a
drought the Dust Bowl developed in the area shown below.
In the election of 1932 Franklin Roosevelt
promised Americans a NEW DEAL (or help
from the Federal Government during the Great
Depression).
FDR’s First Hundred Days aka First New Deal
-Emergency Banking Relief Act
-Unemployment Relief Act (Civilian Conservation Corps)
-Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
-Federal Emergency Relief Act
-Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
-Federal Securities Act (SEC)
-Home Owners Refinancing Act
-Farm Credit Act
-Banking Act of 1933 (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
-National Industrial Recovery Act (Public Works Administration)
FDR’s Second New Deal
-Civil Works Administration
-Fair Labor Standards Act
-Civil Works Emergency Relief Act
-Home Owners’ Loan Act
-Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
-Securities and Exchange Act (SEC)
-Rural Electrification Act (REA)
-Communications Act (FCC)
-National Housing Act of 1937
-Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act
-National Housing Act (FHA)
-Bankhead-Jones Farm
-Emergency Relief Appropriations
-Tenancy Act
Act (Workers Progress Administration)
-National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
-Revenue Act of 1935
-Social Security Act
-Public Utilities Holding Company Act
-Banking Act of 1935
-Resettlement Administration
FDR was famous for speaking to Americans on the radio
every week (Fireside Chats).
When the Supreme Court declared some of his New Deal programs
unconstitutional, FDR attempted to add justices to the Court. The min
idea was he wanted to add a new justice for each current justice that was
over 70 years old. This was called the Court Packing scheme.
Criticisms of the New Deal
A)
Did little for minority groups
B)
Political Right (conservatives)
thought it made the federal
government too large and powerful
C)
Political Left (liberals) felt it did not
eliminate social and economic
inequalities
D)
Caused national debt to rise (through
deficit spending)
E)
Did not end the Depression (ended
by WWII)