Transcript Cells - Belle Vernon Area School District

Cells – The Basic Unit of Life
I. Cells
A. Smallest unit that has
of life
1.
2. Reproduce
3.
B. Several types of cells
1. Variety of
2. Variety of
the characteristics
4. Respond to a stimuli
5.
6.
The Cell
C. Functions of the cell
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D.
% Water
E. Two areas of water
-inside the cell
outside the cell
1. Extracellular
► Thick, syrup-like liquid
►
dissolved gases, salts, food & cellular products
manufactured or synthesized by mechanisms inside the cell, which
leave by secretion.
ex. hormones, vitamins, & proteins
Two Types
A. Contained within blood vessels & chambers of the heart
-liquid medium for transport (Oxygen, wastes, &
nutrients).
B. Interstitial Fluid
Pathway for products that are in route between cells.
1.
- Protein & salts are harden & there is little
interstitial fluid leaking through them.
Purpose - Structural support for the body but
restricts free passage of material.
2.
Environment - between cells.
2. Intracellular
►
Protoplasm or Cytoplasm
Components –
►
When the components are organized in such a way you get:
Boundary of the cell or Cell (Plasma) Membrane
► 3 major components inside the cell
1.
- cytoplasm or protoplasm
2.
- small membrane bound vessels
3.
- regulates the cell activities
Review
► Name
three characteristics of life?
► How
is intracellular material different from
extracellular material?
► How
is interstitial fluid different from
extracellular fluid?
II. Cell Membrane
A. Bilipid layer
1. Composed of
2.
3. Proteins
a.
b.
4.
5. Glycolipids
6.
7.
8. Receptor molecules
B.
phosolipids layers
C.
Selective permeable
1. Not everything can pass through the cell
membrane.
2. Materials that pass with ease:
a.
b.
c.
3. Materials that have difficulty passing:
a.
(lipid soluble or non lipid
soluble)
b.
c. Need
to pass through the cell
membrane.
4.
ways materials can pass through
the
a.
b.
– no energy required
Following a
from
high to low to establish
.
of life’s process.
– requires energy
Going
the concentration gradient
trying
to establish a equilibrium
Nerve cells
5. Ways that material can pass through the cell
membrane.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Review
► Describe
the structure of the cell
membrane.
► What function does it perform?
► How do lipid-soluble molecules, small
molecules and large molecules that are not
lipid base cross the cell membrane?
► How is passive movement different from
active movement?
D. Types of Passive movement
1.
- Following a concentration gradient
from high to low to establish equilibrium.
Small lipid soluble & Non charged particles
2.
- Following a concentration gradient
from high to low to establish equilibrium.
Larger & charged particles
Need Carrier proteins
3.
– Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
a Types of osmosis
1.
– Equal movements of water into
and out of the cell due to equal solute concentrations.
2.
– More movement of water out of the cell
then in due to more solutes out of the cell.
3.
– More movement of water into the cell
then out due to more solutes in the cell
b.
– Force exerted by the movement of water.
Review
How is simple diffusion different from
facilitated diffusion?
What would happen to cells that are placed in
the following solutions:
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic.
E. Active transport
Requires energy –
Going against the concentration gradient trying
establish a equilibrium
Ex. Sodium – Potassium Pump
to
F.
– Movement of molecules across the cell membrane by
forming a vesicle and requiring ATP.
1. Two types
a.
b.
1.
2.
– Materials leaving the cell.
– Materials entering the cell.
– Engulfing large solid particles
“
”
– Engulfing liquids.
“
”
Movement of Materials Review
Review
► How
are facilitated diffusion and active
transport similar and how are they
different?
► How
are phagocytosis, pinocytosis,
endocytosis, and exocytosis similar and how
are they different?
III. Cytoplasma and Organelles of the cell.
A.
– between the cell membrane & nucleus
1.
a. water
b. proteins
c. organic compounds
d. inorganic compounds
2.
small compartments that do a particular
.
B. Types of organelles
1. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) –
a. Two types
1.
2.
(hormones),
– Hold ribosomes –
– No ribosomes – Lipid synthesis
.
2. Golgi Body –
and
of proteins
3. Mitochondria –
a. Produces energy for the body in the form of ATP.
b. Two lipid membranes.
1. Inner – Cristae
2. Space – Matrix
c. Own DNA
4. Lysosomes – Contain enzymes to break apart intracellular
particles.
5. Peroxisomes – Contains enzymes to detoxify only in the
presence of oxygen.
6. Nucleus – “Control center”
a. Round.
b.
c. Contains genetic material of the cell DNA & RNA.
d. Components
1. Nuclear membrane
* bilipid
*
for movement
2.
– similar to
*
– composed of RNA and proteins.
* Chromatin
-Thin strands of DNA wrapped around
proteins balls called
.
-Contains
7.
– proteins that
support the cell, hold organelles &
allows the cell to change shape.
– hollow
structure made of protein
sub-unit. (large)
1.
2.
3.
- cellular
movement. Filaments(small)
(between)
– Filaments
Ex.
– helps the cell
with cellular division.
8.
9.
10.
Organelle Review
Organelle Review
Review
► What
is the
organelles:
golgi
SER
RER
function of the following
ribosome
mitochondria
cilia
flagella
Why is the nucleus referred to as the “control
center” of the cell?
IV. Protein Synthesis
A. Genetic Code
1. Based on the
.
2. Code from your
which contains
3. DNA is made up of
.
4. Nucleotides are in groups of
–
.
.
B. First Step in Protein synthesis
1.
a. Copying
b.
into
the master copy
2. Three type of RNA
a.
- mRNA
Contains the message on how to make the
protein.
b.
- tRNA
- Transfers the AA to build the protein.
- Contains anticodons.
c.
- rRNA
- Site of protein production
- Composed of large and small subunits.
-
C. Second Step in Protein Synthesis
1. Translation
a. Copying
into
b. Requires all the types of RNA
2. Steps
1. mRNA binds to
2. The
come together.
3.
with the
must match up the
to
the
of the mRNA.
4. Process repeats and
forms between the
AA until the entire protein is produced.
Translation
Transcription, Translation Review
Review
► What
is a gene?
► What
process do the cell copy DNA into
RNA? Why?
► What
role does mRNA play in transcription?
V. Cell Division
A. Two types
1.
– Nuclear division
a.
copies of cells are produced.
b. Purpose
1.
2.
3.
c. Diploid to
.
d. Stages
1.
– cells grows.
DNA duplicates.
2.
3.
– Nuclear membrane breaks down.
Centrioles move to opposite
poles.
Chromosomes form.
– Chromosomes line up at the cells
equator.
4.
– Chromosome separate
5.
– Reverse of prophase.
6.
– Cytoplasm and organelles divide
Mitosis
2. Meiosis – Gamete production
a. Cells are
exact copies.
b. Diploid to
.
c. Purpose
1. Sexual reproduction
d. Stages
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
6. Interkineses
7. Prophase
8. Metaphase
9. Anaphase
10. Telophase
VI. Cellular Aging
A. Cellular
1. Irreversible changes within the cell.
a.
b. Wrinkles
c. Accumulation of body fat
d.
e. Loss of agility
f.
.
B. Two theories on aging
1. Genetic –
2. Environmental –