Transcript Cell Structure & Function

•All living things are
composed of cells
•Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things
• New cells come from other cells
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes…
•Do not contain a nucleus
•Are smaller and simpler
•Carry out every activity associated
with living things
•Like bacteria!
Which
one am I
???
Eukaryotes
• Usually larger and more complex
•Highly specialized
• Genetic material is separated from
the rest of the cell in a nucleus
•Can be a single cell or
multicellular organism
Examples
Eukaryotic cell structure
•Made up of organelles or “little
organs”
• Divided into 2 parts: nucleus &
cytoplasm
•Cytoplasm is outside the
nucleus
Nucleolus
•Where ribosomes
are made
Ribosomes
• Are made of RNA and protein
• Assemble proteins
•Protein assembly instruction
comes from the nucleus
• Cells active in protein
synthesis have many ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
•Makes and exports proteins
and lipids
• Rough ER makes proteins, so its
covered in ribosomes!
• Smooth ER
makes enzymes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
•Clean up crew, remove junk!
• Digest or break down lipids,
carbohydrates, proteins and old
organelles
• Filled with
enzymes
• Converts food into
compounds the cell uses
•Mitochondria are from the
egg cell, so thank your MOM!
Chloroplasts
• Found in plant cells
•Capture energy from the sun
and convert it into chemical
energy… Photosynthesis
Cilia & Flagella
Cell Boundaries
• All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible
membrane
• Plant cells also have a cell wall
surrounding the membrane
Cell Membrane
•Regulates what comes in &
out of the cell
•Provides structure and
support
•Made of a lipid bilayer
which provides a strong
flexible barrier
• The lipid bilayer has carbohydrates
AND proteins embedded within!
•Located outside cell
membrane in plant, algae,
fungi and prokaryotic cells
• What
Usually
made
of
carbs
&
protein
am I???
•Plant cell walls are made of
cellulose
• Provides protection and support
• When particles move from areas of
high concentration to areas of low
concentration
• Equilibrium occurs when the
concentration of solute
(particles) is the same
throughout
The Dye = Solute
Water= Solvent
• Water passes easily
across membranes
• Osmosis is the
diffusion of water
across a selectively
permeable membrane
Isotonic
Facilitated Diffusion
•Certain molecules can pass
through cell membranes with
help from protein friends
Active Transport
•Sometimes cells must move materials
in the direction opposite diffusion
• This requires energy
• Transport proteins or “pumps”
help this happen
Chemical Energy & ATP
•Adenosine triphosphate helps
cells store & release energy
8-2 Photosynthesis: An
Overview
• Plants use energy from the
sun to convert water and
carbon dioxide into
carbohydrates (sugars &
starches) and release
oxygen as a waste product
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Equation
NO PANICKING!!!
•In addition to water and
carbon dioxide, photosynthesis
requires light and chlorophyll,
a pigment found in
chloroplasts
What happens to
all that glucose
that was made in
photosynthesis?
•Serves as a source of raw material
for cells to make new molecules
• Provides ENERGY
Cellular Respiration
• A process that releases energy by
breaking down glucose & other food
molecules with oxygen present
You go to
Thenwork
you save
to the
$$ for your future!
make
money!
Remembe
r me??
I’m ATP!
Anaerobic Cellular
Respiration
• Pyruvic acid doesn’t enter
the mitochondria when
oxygen isn’t present
• Instead, fermentation
occurs in the cytoplasm
• There are 2 types:
1) Alcoholic
2) Lactic Acid