Transcript Cells Review

Cells Review
Prokaryotic verses Eukaryotic
cells
Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus
Small and simple
Unicellular
Circular DNA (located in
cytoplasm)
No membrane bound
organelles
Reproduce by fission
Sticky capsule
Eukaryotic Cells
Have nucleus
Larger
Unicellular or multicellular
Linear DNA (found in nucleus)
Membrane bound organelles
Reproduce through mitosis and
meiosis
Some have cilia
Both contain a cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
Animal Cell (eukaryote)
Plant Cell (eukaryote)
Bacterial Cell (prokaryote)
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Cells
Organelles
• Nucleus
• Control center of the cell. Holds the DNA.
• Cell wall
• Surrounds the cell membrane. Provides structure and support. In plant cells.
Organelles
• Cell membrane
• Encloses the cell. Semi-permeable. Made up of a lipid bilayer and protein
channels. Regulates what enters and exits the cell.
• Cytoplasm
• Watery material that fills the cell. Site where most of the biochemical
reactions take place
Organelles
• Ribosome (tiny dots)
• Site of protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
• Typically next to the nucleus. Transports materials inside the cell.
Organelles
• Golgi apparatus (looks like a stack of pancakes)
• Folded membrane that modifies, sorts, and distributes molecules (proteins)
to where they are needed
• Lysosomes (“Lysol”)
• Digests and cleans up inside cell
Organelles
• Vesicles
• Aid in the import and export of molecules
• Mitochondria
• Site of cellular respiration (occurs in both plants and animal cells)
Organelles
• Centrioles
• Involved in cell division. Pulls chromosomes apart. Part of microtubules.
• Chloroplast (look for stacks of thylakoids inside the organelle)
• Site of photosynthesis (in plants/not animals).
c. Protein synthesis
C. Protein synthesis
d. Energy production
D. Energy production
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
• Carbohydrates (C: H: O) in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Monomer: glucose (sugar) also known as a monosaccharide
• Polymer: starch, also known as a polysaccharide
• Function: used as a source of quick energy
• Indicator test: for sugar use Benedict’s solution. Will turn from blue
red, green, or yellow if positive. For starch use Lugol’s iodine. Will
turn from a yellowish-brown to a purplish-black color if positive.
Organic molecules
• Proteins (HONC and small amounts of sulfur)
• Monomers: amino acids
• Polymers: polypeptide (protein)
• Function: structure and for guiding chemical reactions (enzymes)
• Indicator: Biuret solution. Turns from blueviolet if positive
Organic molecules
• Lipids (C: H: O)
• Monomer: glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
• Functions: used for long-term storage, insulation, waterproof
coverings, membranes (cell membrane)
• Indicator: Sudan IV solution. Will turn red if positive. Brown bag: will
leave a grease or translucent stain (think of greasy French fries on a
McDonald’s paper bag)
Organic molecules
• Nucleic Acids (HONCP)
• Monomer: Nucleotide
• Polymer: nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• Function: carries all the genetic information
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D. Chicken
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Enzymes
Enzymes
• Biochemical catalyst that is a protein
• Makes chemical reactions within the cells possible.
• Enzymes are NOT changed.
• Not used up.
• Affected by pH of a substance and the temperature. Only work in
optimum environments.
• Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Cell Growth and
Reproduction
The
Cell
cycle
Chromosome
• Located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
• made up of DNA and histone proteins.
Asexual reproduction
• Reproduction that involves only one cell (organism)
• Examples: mitosis and binary fission
• Binary fission: parent splits into two identical
daughter cells
Homeostasis and Transport
• Purpose of homeostasis is to maintain a stable
environment
• Semi-permeable membrane: allows only certain
materials to pass through. Example: cell
membrane.
Passive transport
Movement of materials across
a membrane WITHOUT using
energy
Moves from high to low
concentrations (or down a
concentration gradient)
Examples: diffusion and
osmosis
Active transport
Movement of materials across
a cell membrane USING energy
Moves from low to high energy
(or up a concentration
gradient)
Facilitated diffusion
• Diffusion of particle
that are too large
to pass through
membrane are assisted
by proteins to get from
one side to
another
Diffusion of Particles
Hypotonic Solutions “HIPPO”
• Solute concentration OUTSIDE cell is LOWER (below strength) than
INSIDE the cell (meaning that MORE salt is INSIDE the cell)
• Remember SALT SUCKS!!!!
• Water moves INTO the cell causing it to SWELL
• Cytolysis – animal cells bursting because too
much water
Hypertonic Solutions “HYPER”
• Solute concentration OUTSIDE cell is HIGHER (above
strength) than INSIDE the cell (meaning that MORE salt is
OUTSIDE the cell)
• Remember SALT SUCKS!!!!
• Water moves OUT of the cell causing it to
SHRIVEL
Isotonic Solutions “I SO HAPPY”
• EQUAL solute concentrations inside and outside
of cell
• water diffuses in and out of cell at equal rates so
cell stays the same
The Effects of Osmosis on Cells
Maison Bucka
Ryan Hancock
Landon Carter
Active Transport
• Involves moving molecules “uphill” against the
concentration gradient
• Going up the slide
• Requires energy
• May cause protein channel to
Change shape
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Active_Transport_vs_Passive_Transport
Active Transport
continued…(Endocytosis)
• “pac-man”
• Cell membrane encloses particle forms a
pouch (vesicle) and pinches off into cell
• Pinocytosis (solutes/fluids)
• Phagocytosis (large solid particles)
Active Transport continued….(Exocytosis)
• Pushing substances out of the cell, such as the
removal of waste
• Think of a zit
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