Transcript plant cell animal cell

The Cell
The basic unit of all living things
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Robert Hooke was the first to
name the cell (1665)
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The Cell Theory
• The cell is the unit of Structure of all
living things.
The cell is the unit of Function of all living
things.
All cells come from Pre-existing cells.
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A cell is made up of many
parts with different functions
that work together. Similarly,
the parts of a city work
together to carry out different
functions.
Cells have particular
structures that perform
specific jobs. These
structures perform the
actual work of the cell.
These structures are
called organelles
•What is an organelle?
–They are specialized
microscopic structures
within cells
–They are contained
within the cytoplasm
–They have
characteristic structures
and functions.
Cell Structures
A. Cell Wall
B. Cell Membrane
C. Nucleus
1. Chromatin and Chromosomes
2. Nucleolus
3. Nuclear Envelope
D. Cytoskeleton
E. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
1. Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Golgi Apparatus
4. Lysosomes
5. Vacuoles
6. Chloroplasts
7. Mitochondria
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
• No nucleus
• Smaller and simpler
• Have cell membranes
• Have cytoplasm
• Ex. Bacteria
Eukaryotes
• Have a nucleus
• Larger and more
complex
• Have organelles
• Single or Multi-celled
• Ex. Plants, Animals and
Fungi
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Two Major Cell Types
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular
• Unicellular (one-celled) organism
• Multicellular (many-celled)
organisms
The cells in a multicellular organism are
interdependent (can not live on their own)
(they depend on each other like players
on a team)
Cell specialization = each type of specialized
cell performs separate roles or functions within
the organism,
Ex: red blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells,
One-celled organism is able to function
despite lacking the levels of organization
present in more complex organisms.
They do everything you would expect a living
thing to do.
Ex: yeast
Unicellular organisms
ANIMAL CELL
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PLANT CELL
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PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL MEMBRANE: All cells are covered by a cell
membrane; it regulates what comes in and goes
out of the cell .
Also Called the PLASMA MEMBRANE
Found in both plant and animal cells
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Cell Membrane also called the
Plasma Membrane
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CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm – jelly like substance that
fills cells; made of mostly
water; holds the organelles
Found in plant and animal cells
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NUCLEUS
Nucleus – contains the cell’s DNA and is
the control center of the cell
Found in both plant and animal cells.
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RIBOSOME
Ribosome – the site where amino acids
are hooked together to make proteins
This is the site of Protein Synthesis
Found in both
plant and animal
cells
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ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
-found
in both plants and
animals
• System of Channels that
transport proteins in a cell. Some
reactions take place on the
surface
• Two types Rough-with Ribosomes
on them and Smooth- no
ribosomes on them
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GOLGI BODIES
Responsible for
labeling, sorting
and packaging
chemicals
(proteins) and
secreting
(releasing) them
from the cell
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VACUOLES
Vacuoles – store water and
other materials
Found in both plant and animal
cells
Plants have very large vacuoles.
Animals have small vacuoles
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Food Vacuole
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LYSOSOME
Lysosomes – digest food
particles, wastes, cell
parts and foreign
invaders. They have such
powerful enzymes they
can destroy a whole cell.
Example: Tadpole’s tail.
Found in animal cells
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Mitochondria – Makes Energy for Cell .
Energy is also called ATP
Site of Cellular Respiration
It takes in oxygen and glucose and releases
Carbon dioxide , water and ATP
Found in both plant and animal cells.
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Some Organelles are only
found in Plant Cells
•Do you know which ones?
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CELL WALL
Cell Wall – the cell wall gives
structure and support to the cell
membrane.
Only found in plant cells
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CHLOROPLASTS
All plant cells contain Chloroplasts. They are
the
organelle responsible for _photosynthesis_
which uses the sun to make glucose(sugar).
Chloroplasts are green due to a pigment
called chlorophyll.
Only found in plant cells
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There is one organelle found
only in Animal Cells….
• Can you name it?
The Centrioles
These are necessary for
Animal cell Division. Plants
manage without them.
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COMPARISON OF
ORGANELLES TO ORGAN
SYSTEMS
ORGANELLE
ORGAN
ORGAN
SYSTEM
NUCLEUS
BRAIN
CELL
MEMBRANE
LYSOSOME
LUNGS
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
RESPIRATOR
Y SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
CELL
MEMBRANE
STOMACH
KIDNEY
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Cheek Cells
LINKING HOW
ORGANELLES WORK
TOGETHER
• NUCLEUS CONTROLS THE RATE OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY RIBOSOMES
• CELL MEMBRANE REGULATES THE
PASSAGE OF OXYGEN INTO THE CELL
TO BE USED BY MITOCHONDRIA
• AFTER A LYSOSOME DIGESTS OLD
ORGANELLES THE CELL MEMBRANE
RELEASES THEM OUT OF THE CELL
• THE GOLGI BODY PRODUCES
LYSOSOMES WHICH ARE USED TO
DIGEST BACTERIA
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WRAP UP
1.
HEREDITARY INFORMATION IS
STORED INSIDE THE:
A. RIBOSOMES
B. NUCLEUS,
C. MITOCHONDRIA
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WRAP UP
2. DIAGRAM TO THE
RIGHT REPRESENTS:
A. A CHLOROPLAST
CARRYING OUT
RESPIRATION
B. A LYSOSOME
CARRYING OUT
PHAGOCYTOSIS
C. A
MITOCHONDRIA
CARRYING OUT
RESPIRATION
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WRAP UP
3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION FOR
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE
HUMAN BODY FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO
MOST COMPLEX ARE:
A. CELLS-->TISSUES-->ORGANS->SYSTEMS
B. SYSTEMS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES->CELLS
C. CELLS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES->SYSTEMS
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WRAP UP
4. STUDIES OF FAT CELLS AND THYROID
CELLS SHOW THAT FAT CELLS HAVE
FEWER MITOCHONDRIA THAN
THYROID CELLS. A BIOLOGIST
WOULD MOST LIKELY INFER THAT
FAT TISSUE:
A. HAS ENERGY REQIREMENTS
EQUAL TO THOSE OF THYROID
TISSUE
B. REQUIRES LESS ENERGY THAN
THYROID TISSUE
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C. REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN
THYROID TISSUE
The movement of molecules
across a membrane without the
input of energy is known
as passive transport.
When Energy (ATP) is needed,
the movement is known
as active transport. Passive
Transport moves molecules
against their concentration
gradient, from an area of low
concentration to an area of high
concentration.
Cell Transport
Passive Transport --Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement
of molecules from an area
where there is a
higher concentration (large
r amount) of the substance
to an area where there is a
lower concentration (lower
amount) of the substance
Active Transport
During active transport, molecules
move from an area of low
concentration to an area of high
concentration. This is the opposite
of diffusion, and these molecules
are said to flow against their
concentration gradient. Active
transport is called "active" because
this type of transport
requires energy to move
molecules. ATP is the most
common source of energy for
active transport.
Most cell division produces
genetically identical cells,
meaning they have the same
DNA. The process
of mitosis, which specifically
is the division of the nucleus,
ensures that each cell has the
same DNA.
A special form of cell division,
called meiosis, produces cells
with half as much DNA as the
parent cell. These cells are
used for reproduction. In
prokaryotic organisms, cell
division is how those
organisms reproduce.
Where's the instructions?
How do your cells know what
to do? Just like builders have
blueprints to tell them how to
build a house, your cells also
have instructions. Your cells'
instructions are molecules
of DNA.
What is DNA?
DNA is the material that
makes up our
chromosomes and stores
our genetic information
The genetic information is a
set of instructions that tell
your cells what to do.