Transcript Cell Biology - Warren County Schools

CELL BIOLOGY (C)-2015
KAREN LANCOUR
National Bio Rules
Committee Chairman
[email protected]
Event Rules – 2015
DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared using
draft rules. There may be some changes
in the final copy of the rules. The rules
which will be in your Coaches Manual and
Student Manuals will be the official rules.
Event Rules – 2015
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BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2015
EVENT RULES FOR EVENT
PARAMETERS AND TOPICS
FOR EACH COMPETITION
LEVEL
TRAINING MATERIALS
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Training Power Point – content overview
Training Handout - content information
Practice Activities - sample stations with key
Sample Tournament – sample problems with key
Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs,
and scoring tips
Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the Science
Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under Event
Information
Biology-Earth Science CD, Cell Biology CD (updated
2015) in Science Olympiad Store at www.soinc.org
GAME PLAN
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POWERPOINT FOR OVERVIEW
HANDOUT FOR DETAIL OF INFORMATION
NEEDED
INTERNET RESOURCES AND CD FOR MORE
HELP
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES TO MASTER SKILLS
SAMPLE COMPETITION UNDER TIMED
CONDITIONS TO EXPERIENCE COMPETITION
SITUATION
Student Preparation
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Team work skills
Time limits
Answering questions
Measurement and Calculations
Reference materials
Review basic principles of cell
biology
Construct sample stations
Cell Biology (C)
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Competition – topics chart
Process Skills - observations,
inferences, predictions, data analysis,
and calculations
Event Parameters – be sure to check
the rules for resources allowed and
safety goggles required.
Topics - Regional and
State
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Biological monomers and polymers also HDL & LDL
Cellular Homeostasis (pH, molarity, etc.)
Enzymes
Cell organelles/structures and their functions
Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
QUALITATIVE aspects of photosynthesis and respiration
Membrane structure and function
Movement across membranes
Importance of ATP
Structure of viruses
Cell cycle and mitosis
Chromosome Structure
Fermentation Products and their uses
Topics – Nationals
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All of topics from state and regional plus:
Cell communication and membrane receptors
Apoptosis
Enzyme inhibition
Stem cell concepts and uses
Viral replication
C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants
Consequences of changes in protein shape
Cancerous vs normal cells
Genomics
Bioethics relating to above topics
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic – single
cell with nuclear
material but no
nuclear membrane or
membrane bound
organelles
Eukaryotic – most
cells – with organized
nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles
Cell Membrane
Animal Cell – “ Compare to a
factory”
Know the function of cell organelles
Nucleus
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Nuclear envelope
– double
membrane
chromatin – DNA
RNA
nucleolus –
Ribosome subunits
Organelles – “factory
components with function”
Support - Cell wall , cell membrane cytoskeleton, microtubles
Controls material entering and leaving - Cell membrane, pores
Internal transport system – Endoplasmic reticulum
Powerhouse - mitochondria
Control center – nucleus, organelle DNA for mitochondria and chloroplast
Production of key products – ribosomes, endoplastic reticulum, chloroplasts
Packaging center for shipment of products – Golgi Apparatus, ER
Shipment of materials out of cell - Golgi Apparatus, vesicles
Storage of liquids and solids – Vacuole, vesicles, plastids,
Recycling center – Lysosomes and perixosomes
Convert light energy to chemical energy - chloroplasts
Allows new cell factories to be produced – nuclear DNA, centrioles, cell wall
Chromosome
Structure
a. Nuclesosomes – Core of
DNA wrapped around 8
histone proteins plus
linkerDNA
b. Solenoid – coiling of
nucleosomes like phone
cord
c. Chromatin fiber – series
of nucleosomes
d. Metaphase chromosomes
Plant Cell – Special
Features
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Cell wall –
protection and
support
Chloroplast - for
photosynthesis
Large central
vacuolefor storage and
increase surface
area
Movement Across Membranes
•Diffusion: molecules moving from high to low
concentration; concentration = #molecules/volume
•Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selective
membrane; amount of water is opposite of number
molecules-if water is high, solute (molecules) is low.
•Facilitative diffusion: just like diffusion (high to low)
but a protein carrier is involved Note: diffusion will
continue but rate of transport with carrier will level off
because carrier becomes saturated
Osmosis
Hypertonic - high solute concentration relative
to another solution
Hypotonic - low solute concentration relative to
another solution
Isotonic - solute concentration is the same as
that of another solution
Plant Cells – Turgor Pressure
and Plasmolysis
Animal Cells – in different
solutions
Passive Transport –
no energy used
Active Transport – uses
energy
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Monomers and Polymers
monomer
polymer
example
Reagents
simple sugar
(monosaccharide)
polysaccharide
starch, cellulose,
glycogen (animal)
Benedicts-glucose
Iodine-starch
hair, enzyme,
hemoglobin, insulin
Ninhydrin,
Biuret
DNA, RNA
methyl green
cooking oil, butter
grease test with
brown paper
amino acid
nucleotide
fatty acid/glycerol
protein,
polypeptide
nucleic acid
fat or tri
glyceride
pH
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Hydrogen ion
concentration
Liquid may be acid,
base or neutral
7 is neutral
Below 7 is acidic
Above 7 is basic
Logarithmic
Buffers in cells
Enzymes
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Catalysts
Made of Protein
May have non-protein
parts
Lower Activation Energy
Not changed during
reaction
Enzyme-substrate
complex
Inhibition – Competitive
and noncompetitive
Importance of ATP
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Energy storage chemical for
cell processes
Most of ATP is produced via
electron transport chain
Main reason that cells need
oxygen: to allow them to
make lots of ATP
Involved in both
photosynthesis and
respiration
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis – Trapping of sunlight energy followed by its
conversion to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, or both) and then
synthesis into sugar phosphates which convert into sucrose,
cellulose, starch, and other end products. It is the main pathway
by which energy and carbon enter the food webs.
Cell Respiration
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Cellular Respiration - Organic substances are broken down to
simpler products with the release of energy which is
incorporated into special energy-carrying molecules (ATP) and
is eventually used for metabolic processes. All cells carry on
some form of cellular respiration. Most plants and animals
require oxygen.
NOTE: The amount of NET ATP production varies from cell to
cell.
Fermentation Products
and their Uses
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Carbon dioxide – bread making
Alcohol – wine making and
brewing
Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria
ferment milk into products as
yogurt
Cell Cycle
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G1 Phase – high rate
of biosynthesis and
growth
S Phase – DNA
content doubles and
chromosomes
replicate
G2 Phase - final
preparations for
Mitosis
M Phase – Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
Mitosis
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Prophase – chromatid pairs coil
up, spindle forms, nuclear
membrane dissolves, chromatid
pairs attach to spindle fibers
(microtubules)
Metaphase – chromatid pairs
move to the equator, chromatid
pairs align at the equator
Anaphase – chromatids separate
into individual chromosomes,
chromosomes are pulled apart
toward the equator by the
spindle fibers (microtubules)
Telophase - chromosomes
uncoil, spindle dissolves, nuclear
membrane reforms
Cytokinesis – division of the
cytoplasm to make two new cells
Control of Cell Cycle
Structure of
Viruses
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Non-cellular infectious
agent
Composed of DNA or
RNA and a protein coat
Replicates only after its
genetic material enters a
host cell
Subverts the host’s
metabolic machinery
Viral Reproduction