Transcript Ch 6 - ATP and Energy Cycles

Chapter 2– The Cell In Action
Section 1 – Exchange with the
Environment
Diffusion
______________________________
- The
movement from areas of high concentration
to areas of low concentration
Osmosis
______________________________
- The
diffusion of water from areas where they are
more concentrated to areas where they are
less concentrated.
Selectively permeable
______________________________
-a
membrane that lets only certain substances
pass through.
•
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What happens to a red blood cell
when it is put into a salty
solution?
Water moves OUT, salt moves IN
Cell gets SMALLER!!
What happens when a wilted
plant is watered?
Water moves IN.
Cells gets LARGER!!
Passive transport
_________________________________________ - the
movement of particles across a cell membrane without
the use of energy. Particles move from an area of
high
______________
concentration to an area of
low
_____________
concentration.
Active transport
________________________________________
- the
movement of particles across a cell membrane with the
use of energy. Particles move from an area of
low
______________
concentration to an area of
high
_____________
concentration.
Large particles move in to a cell by the process of
endocytosis
____________________________
and out of a cell by
exocytosis
the process of _______________________.
Both
processes require the use of a sac called a
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vesicle
__________________________.
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Chapter 2 – The Cell In Action
Section 2 – Cell Energy
Respiration and
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis – process in
which autotrophs use light
energy from the sun to produce
food.
How does food store energy?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS– the process in which the
plastids of plant cells take energy from the
Sun, adds it to water and carbon dioxide, and
changes it to food and oxygen.
H2O + CO2 + E  C6H12O6+ O2
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reactants
Photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
+
water
+
Energy (ATP)

C6H12O6
+
oxygen
Heterotrophs – organisms that
can’t perform photosynthesis
So how do heterotrophs get their
food?
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How do cells get energy from food?
Respiration – the process in which the
mitochondria of cells takes food, adds it to
oxygen, and changes it to water, carbon
dioxide, and energy
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + E
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Respiration
C6H12O6
+
oxygen
carbon dioxide

+ water
+ Energy (ATP)
Respiration occurs in the
mitochondria.
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION - Cellular
respiration that takes place with
oxygen present
ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION – energy
can be taken from food without
oxygen present
WHAT IS FERMENTATION?
• Fermentation is the creation of energy
without using oxygen
• Example: marathon running… lactic acid and
yeast cells
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Chapter 2 – The Cell In Action
Section 3 – The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
• The DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells gets
rolled into long rods called chromosomes
• In order for each cell to divide (reproduce) the
DNA must get copied to make 2 new complete
cells through a process called mitosis
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Chromosomes
• Make up of our DNA
• Tight coils or rod like structures
• Humans have 46 chromosomes of DNA in
EVERY single cell
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•cell is not dividing
• cell is growing, performing
respiration, producing,
photosynthesizing, doing
whatever functions it is
supposed to do
•At some point, the cell can’t
diffuse fast enough and that
signals the end of interphase
•At the very end of interphase,
the chromatin makes an exact
copy of itself in a process called
DNA replication.
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Interphase
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Mitosis
• The part of a cell’s life cycle when
the cell divides it nuclear contents
into 2 nuclei which are identical
•Mitosis consists of 4 steps:
•Prophase
•Metaphase
•Anaphase
•Telophase
• all sub-cellular
organelles
disappear
• centrioles separate
and move to
opposite poles
• chromatin
become
chromosomes
• centrioles shoot off
spindle fibers
(short and long)
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1-Prophase
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chromosomes line
up at the equator
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2-Metaphase
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• centromere splits
•sister chromatids
attach to the short
spindle fibers
•short spindle fibers
shorten and bring the
sister chromatids to
opposite poles.
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3-Anaphase
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• chromatids become chromatin
(one at each pole)
• spindle disappears
• subcellular organelles
reappear
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4-Telophase
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Cytokinesis
• The part of a cell’s life cycle when the
cytoplasm divides into 2 cells which are
identical
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Plant and Animal Cytokinesis
Plant cell-cell plate
Animal cell-cleavage furrow
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Cytokinesis-mitosis is done!
• Last stage of cellular reproduction, the cell
cycle
– Cytoplasm splits apart, there are 2 new identical
cells
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Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
••Cell
Cellmembrane
membranepinches
pinchesininatatequator
equator
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Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
• Cell plate forms at equator and grows out
to the cell wall
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