Transcript HOW ANIMALS MOVE - Great Neck Public Schools

HOW ANIMALS MOVE
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• DIVERSE MEANS OF ANIMAL LOCOMOTION
HAVE EVOLVED
– LOCOMOTION
• ACTIVE TRAVEL FROM PLACE TO PLACE
• SWIMMING
– WATER SUPPORTS WEIGHT, BUT INCREASE IN FRICTION
• LOCOMOTION ON LAND
– HOPPING, WALKING, RUNNING, AND CRAWLING
• FLYING
– ACCOMPLISHED BY WINGS AND LIFT
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• LOCOMOTION ON LAND
– EARTHWORMS HAVE
TINY BRISTLES (SETAE)
THAT ANCHOR IT TO
GROUND, PROVIDE
TRACTION WHILE
EXPANDING AND
CONTRACTING
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• SKELETONGS FUNCTION IN SUPPORT,
MOVEMENT, AND PROTECTION
– HYDROSTATIC SKELETON
• FLUID HELD UNDER PRESSURE IN A CLOSED BODY
COMPARTMENT
– EXOSKELETON
• RIGID, EXTERNAL SKELETON; *DOES NOT GROW WITH
ORGANISM*
– ENDOSKELETON
• CONSISTS OF HARD OR LEATHERY SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
SITUATED AMONG THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE ANIMAL
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• THE HUMAN SKELETON IS A
UNIQUE VARIATION ON AN
ANCIENT THEME
– AXIAL SKELETON
• CONSISTS OF THE SKULL, THE
BACKBONE, AND A RIBCAGE
– APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• MADE OF THE BONES OF THE
FORELIMBS AND HIND LIMBS,
THE SHOULDER GIRDLE, AND
THE PELVIC GIRDLE
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• 3 TYPES OF JOINTS
– BALL-AND-SOCKET
– HINGE
– PIVOT
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• SKELETAL DISORDERS AFFLICT MILLIONS
– ARTHRITIS
• INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS
– OSTEOPOROSIS
• WEAK BONES
• BONES ARE COMPLEX LIVING ORGANS
– YELLOW BONE MARROW
• STORED FAT
– RED BONE MARROW
• PRODUCE RED BLOOD CELLS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• BROKEN BONES CAN HEAL THEMSELVES
– TREATMENT INVOLVES TWO STEPS
• SETTING THE BONE BACK IN PLACE
• IMMOBILIZING IT SO IT HEALS CORRECTLY
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• THE SKELETON AND MUSCLES INTERACT IN
MOVEMENT
– TENDONS
• CONNECTIVE T
ISSUE BETWEEN
BONES AND
MUSCLES
– MUSCLES MUST
EXIST IN
ANTAGONISTIC
PAIRS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• EACH MUSCLE CELL HAS ITS OWN CONTRACTILE
APPARATUS
– SKELETAL MUSCLE
• ATTACHED TO SKELETON AND
PRODUCES MOVEMENT
• MYOFIBRILS
– BUDLE OF FIBERS THAT MAKE UP SKELETAL
MUSCLE
• SARCOMERES
– MAKE UP MYOFIBRILS
– MADE UP OF 2 PIECES
» THIN FILAMENT (ACTIN)
» THICK FILAMENT (MYOSIN)
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• A MUSCLE CONTRACTS WHEN THIN
FILAMENTS SLIDE ACROSS THICK FILAMENTS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• MOTOR NEURONS STIMULATE MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
– NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
• SYNAPSE BETWEEN THE
MOTOR NEURON AND
THE MUSCLE FIBERS
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• THE STRUCTUREFUNCTION THEME
UNDERLIES ALL THE
PARTS AND ACTIVITIES
OF AN ANIMAL
HOW ANIMALS MOVE
• ONLY ONE CHAPTER/TOPIC LEFT!!!!
• THE PLANTS THAT KEEP US ALL ALIVE!!