Transcript Respiratory System

Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory
System
• Breathing process
• Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• Enable speech production
Cellular Respiration
• All cells require oxygen for metabolism
• All cells require means to remove carbon
dioxide
External Respiration
• Ventilation
– exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
• Breathing largely involuntary activity
Structures of Respiratory System
• upper respiratory tract
– nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
trachea
• lower respiratory tract
– bronchial tree and lungs
Nose
• Nasal cavity – other
name
• Contains
– Mucus (warms air)
– Cilia (traps dirt and
dust)
– olfactory nerve (nerve
that determine smell)
Larynx
• Sound waves are generated here to produce
speech.
• Voice box
Trachea
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Windpipe or airway
Made of smooth muscle
divides into two branches: bronchi
no gaseous exchange
Bronchi
• Bronchus, singular
• Made with smooth muscle
• Ends with air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli
• air sacs
• alveolar wall membranes one cell
thick and surrounded by capillaries
• gaseous exchange takes place here
Lungs
Right-3 lobes
Left-2 lobes
trachea
Diaphragm
• muscle separating chest and abdomen
• diaphragm contracts
– air flows in
• diaphragm relaxes
– air flows out
COPD
• Asthma
– bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
– mucolytics, bronchodilators
• Chronic Bronchitis
– mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
– expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
• Emphysema
– barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea
Influenza
• Acute infectious
respiratory disease
• Viral
• Fever, chills, headache,
myalgia, anorexia
• Avoid aspirin in
children
Pleural Effusions
• Excess fluid in pleural cavity
• associated with congestive heart failure,
ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma
• diagnosis
– auscultation, percussion
• Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax,
pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax
• thoracentesis
Tuberculosis
• Infectious, highly
communicable disease
• aerosol transmission
• primary tuberculosis, tubercles
• immunocompromised
• effects other organ systems
• drug resistant strains
Cystic Fibrosis
• Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
• systemic involvement
– lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
• Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
• Gas exchange impaired
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Surfactant
– decreases the surface tension of
the alveoli
– needed for alveoli to fill with air
and expand (compliance)
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome