Transcript The Respiratory system - Powell County Schools

The Respiratory system
Functions
• Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging
gases between air and blood:
• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for
cellular respiration).
• Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood
(waste product from cellular respiration).
Homeostatic Role:
– Regulates blood pH.
– Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
External Respiration
• Ventilation
– exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere
• Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries
• Breathing largely involuntary activity
Internal Respiration
• All cells require oxygen for metabolism
• All cells require means to remove carbon
dioxide
• Gas exchange at cellular level
Structures of Respiratory System
• upper respiratory tract
– nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
trachea
• lower respiratory tract
– bronchial tree and lungs
Nose
• nasal cavity
• nasal septum
• mucous membrane
– mucus
– cilia
– olfactory receptors
Pharynx
• Nasopharynx
– Posterior to the nose
– Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
• Oropharynx
– Posterior to the mouth
– Palatine tonsils
• Laryngopharynx
– Superior to the larynx
Epiglottis
• Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a
common passageway for both food and air
• Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap
that covers the larynx
and trachea (airway)
so
food does not enter
the lungs.
Larynx
• Also known as the voice box
• Glottis (vocal apparatus)
– vocal bands or vocal cords
Trachea
• Windpipe or airway
• Mucous membrane lining with cilia
• Smooth muscle with
c-shaped cartilage rings
• divides into two branches:
– Right bronchi
– Left bronchi
Bronchi
• Bronchus, singular
• C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle
• Each bronchi divides into
bronchioles
• Terminate in air sacs
called alveoli
Alveoli
• Resembles a small balloon as it expands
and contracts with the flow of air
• CO2 diffuses from the blood in the
capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is
exhaled
• On inspiration, O2 diffuses
from the alveoli to enter
the capillaries
Thoracic Cavity
• thoracic
• thorax
• mediastinum
–
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–
–
heart
aorta
esophagus
bronchi
thymus
Lungs
Right-3 lobes
Left-2 lobes
trachea
Pleura
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each lung enclosed in pleura
parietal pleura (inner)
visceral pleura (outer)
pleural space or pleural cavity
lubricating fluid
Diaphragm
• muscle separating chest and abdomen
• inspiration, diaphragm contracts and
increases thoracic space
– air flows in
• expiration, diaphragm relaxes and
decreases thoracic space
– air flows out
• phrenic nerve
Respiration
• external respiration - exchange of gases in
lungs
• internal respiration - exchange of gases within
cells of the body organs and tissues
• ventilation - movement of air
Pathology
Breathing Disorders
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD (COLD)
• Dyspnea
• Bradypnea
• Tachypnea
COPD
• Asthma
– bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough,
– mucolytics, bronchodilators
• Chronic Bronchitis
– mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain
– expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
• Emphysema
– barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea
Influenza
• Acute infectious
respiratory disease
• Viral
• Fever, chills, headache,
myalgia, anorexia
• Avoid aspirin in children
Pleural Effusions
• Excess fluid in pleural cavity
• associated with congestive heart failure,
ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma
• diagnosis
– auscultation, percussion
• Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax,
pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax
• thoracentesis
Tuberculosis
• Infectious, highly communicable
disease
• aerosol transmission
• primary tuberculosis, tubercles
• immunocompromised
• effects other organ systems
• drug resistant strains
Bronchopneumonia
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Inflammatory disease of lungs
lobar, bilateral
hemoptyisis
consolidation
Pneumocystis carinii
lavage
Cystic Fibrosis
• Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
• systemic involvement
– lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
• Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles
• Gas exchange impaired
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Surfactant
– decreases the surface tension of
the alveoli
– needed for alveoli to fill with air
and expand (compliance)
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome
(hyaline membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Oncology
• Primary Pulmonary Cancer
• Smoking is leading cause of ALL
TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS
• common site: epithelium of bronchi
– bronchogenic carcinoma
– masses form and block air passages
– metastasizes frequently to lymph noes,
liver, bones, brain, or kidney