Transcript 10_Blood/Lymph/Immune

Blood, Lymph and Immune
Systems
Chapter 10
1
Blood
 hem/o
and hemat/o
 plasma - 55%
 formed elements - 45%
 serum - plasma without clotting
proteins
2
Blood Cells
 RBC
- erythrocytes - erythropoiesis
 WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis
 Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis
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Erythrocytes





erythr/o - red
cyte - cell
Hemoglobin - blood
protein transports oxygen
Reticulocyte - immature
erythrocyte
RBCs produced by red
bone marrow
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Leukocytes
 leuk/o
- white
 Protect the body
against invasion
 Pass through capillary
walls
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 Granulocytes
 neutrophils
(phagocytosis)
 eosinophils (allergies)
 basophils (promote inflammation)
 Agranulocytes
 lymphocytes

(production of circulating
antibodies)
 monocytes (macrophages)
Collection of dead and living bacteria and
leukocytes called pus, abscess.
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Thrombocytes
 smallest
formed element
 made in bone marrow
 essential to blood coagulation

If injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than
the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form
plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of
reactions, formation of clot.
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Plasma
 plasma
92%
water
8% plasma proteins



albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
 serum
- plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen
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Functions of the Immune System

To protect the entire body from a variety of
harmful substances
pathogenic
microorganisms
allergens
toxins
malignant
cells
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Structures of the Immune System
 Unlike
other body systems, Immune System
is NOT contained within a single set of
organs or vessels
 Action depends on structures from
lymphatic, cardiovascular, and
Integumentary systems
 Works primarily through antigen-antibody
reaction
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Lymphatic System
 Major
structures
 lymph
vessels
 lymph nodes
 lymph fluid
 tonsils
 Also
 spleen
 thymus
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Functions of the Lymph System
 lymph/o
 drain
fluid from tissue spaces and return to
it to the blood
 transport materials (nutrients, hormones and
oxygen) to body cells
 carry away waste products to the blood
 transport lipids away from digestive system
 control of infection
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Lymph System
 Lymph
originates in
blood plasma
 Interstitial fluid
 cleans and nourishes
body tissues
 collects cellular debris,
bacteria
 return to blood or lymph
capillaries
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Lymph Nodes
 located
in lymph vessels
 small round or oval
structures (filters)
 depositories for cellular
debris
 bacteria and debris
phagocytized
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Lymph Nodes
 inside
are masses of tissue which contain
WBCs (lymphocytes)
 almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100
 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often
swell as an indicator of the disease process
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Spleen
 sac-like
mass of
lymphatic tissue
 filter for lymph
 phagocytic cells
 hemolytic
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Thymus
 lymphatic
tissue
 mediastinum
 primary role: changes
lymphocytes to T cells for
cellular immunity
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Tonsils
 masses
of lymph tissue designed to filter
tissue fluid, not lymph
 located beneath certain areas of moist
epithelium exposed to outside and hence to
contamination
 any or all may become so loaded with
bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance
 should not be removed unless absolutely
necessary.
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Antigen-Antibody Reactions
 Antigen
- any substance that the body
regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)
 Antibody - a disease fighting protein
developed by the body in response to the
presence of an antigen
 Antigen-antibody reaction or immune
reaction
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WBCs for Immune Reactions
 monocytes
- type of lymphocytes
formed
in bone marrow/transported where
needed by body
become macrophages
 macrophage
- phagocytic cell that protects
body by ingesting invading cells
 lymphocytes - major class of WBCs
formed
in lymphatic tissue
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Lymphocytes
T
cells or T Lymphocytes
mature
in thymus gland
Cell mediated immunity
B
cells or B Lymphocytes
mature
in bone marrow
antibody-mediated
immunity
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T Cell or T Lymphocyte
(Cell Mediated Immunity)
T
Cell (cell mediated immunity)
circulating
lymphocytes
produced in bone marrow
matures in thymus
live for years
primary function: coordinate immune defenses
and kill organisms
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Lymphocyte: T Cells
 helper T
cells - essential to proper
functioning of immune system
 Memory cells- remember antigens and
stimulate a faster response if same antigen
introduced at a later time
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Blood Groups
 Four
blood groups based on presence
or absence of blood antigens
(agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
 A - A antigen
 B - B antigen
 AB - both AB antigens
 O - no AB antigens
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 Plasma
does not contain the antibody
against own antigen
on the donor’s RBCs react with the
antibodies in patients plasma and cause a
transfustion reaction.
 Antigens
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Rh Factor
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Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of
85% of pop. of US.
Rh positive and Rh negative
Rh neg pregnant woman may develop
antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rhpositive fetus.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
prevented with RhoGAM
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Immunity
 Immunity-state
of being resistant or not
susceptible to a specific disease
 Acquired immunity-any form of immunity
NOT present at birth and obtained during
life
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Factors That Influence Immune
System
 Health
 Age
 Heredity
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Anemias
 Oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood is
reduced
 symptom of disease
 erythropenia
 hypochromasia
 hematocrit
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Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
 Caused
by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus)
 HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long
incubation of up to 10 years
 AIDS name applied during advanced stages
of disease
 After immune system destroyed,
opportunistic infections occur.
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Autoimmune Disorders
Antigens stimulate development of antibodies
that are unable to distinguish antigens of
internal cells.
Body makes antibodies and T cells against
itself and attacks own tissues.
Multisystemic involvement.
Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis
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Edema
 Hypoproteinemia
 lowers
large
osmotic pressure within blood
amounts of plasma pass out of blood
 poor
lymph drainage
 increased capillary permeability
 congestive heart failure
 localized edema, ascites
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Hemophilia
 Hereditary
blood clotting disorder
 sex-linked, usually in men
 lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting
 hematomas
 hemarthrosis
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Infectious Mononucleosis
 Acute
infection caused by virus.
 Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,
atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and
bruising.
 transmitted by droplet infection
 Infection confers permanent immunity
 Treatment symptomatic
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Oncology, the study of tumors
 Metastasis,
Metastasize
 Carcinoma
 Malignant
Melanoma
 Adenocarcinoma
 Sarcoma
(arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)
 Osteocarcoma
 Osteosarcoma
 Myosarcoma
Myeloma
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Leukemia
 Major
oncological disorder of bloodforming organs
 malignant cells replace health bone marrow
cells
 acute myelogenous leukemia
 acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Hodgkin’s Disease
 Malignant
disorder
 Painless, progressive enlargement of
lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical
lymph nodes; splenomegaly
 Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia,
leukocytosis
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Kaposi’s Sarcoma
 Malignancy
associated with AIDS
 lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules
and develop into plaques and nodules
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