Transcript THE HUMAN BODY

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
A group of organs and tissues
that collect fluid that leaks
from blood and returns it to
the blood.
The lymphatic system is also part of
the body’s defense against disease.
The lymph capillaries collect fluid
containing dead cells and pathogens
from around the body.
LYMPH
The leaked fluid from the
blood.
Lymph is returned to the
cardiovascular system through
blood vessels at the base of the
neck.
LYMPH NODES
Small bean-shaped organs that
remove pathogens and dead cells
from lymph.
Lymph nodes are concentrated in the
neck, armpits, and groin.
White blood cells are also found in
the lymph system.
White blood cells mature in the
lymph system.
When an infection occurs, the
white blood cells multiply.
The lymph nodes become swollen
and painful.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
THE BODY’S
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
• DELIVERS FOOD AND OXYGEN
– WITHOUT OXYGEN CELLS WOULD DIE
• THE BRAIN DIES FIRST
• REMOVES WASTE
– THE BODY WOULD POISON ITSELF IF
WASTE NOT REMOVED
– CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE
PRODUCT OF MAKING ENERGY
• TRANSPORTS CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS
• DISEASE FIGHTING CELLS AND
CHEMICALS ARE ALSO
TRANSPORTED TO INVASION SITES
• THE HEART IS THE POWER BEHIND
THIS
• THE BLOOD VESSELS WOULD WRAP
AROUND THE EARTH MORE THAN
TWICE
CIRCULATION IN THE BODY
BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE HEART TO
THE LUNGS TO THE HEART TO THE
BODY AND BACK TO THE HEART
THE HEART ONLY RESTS BETWEEN
BEATS
• ABOUT 5 LITERS OF BLOOD IS
PUMPED THROUGH YOUR BODY
EVERY MINUTE
• THE HEART IS THE SIZE OF YOUR
FIST AND IS LOCATED TO THE LEFT
CENTER OF THE CHEST
PACEMAKER
• LOCATED IN THE UPPER RIGHT SIDE
OF THE HEART
• A BUNDLE OF NERVES
• REGULATES THE HEART’S RHYTHM
OR PACE OF BEATING
AN ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER MAY BE
PLACED OUTSIDE OF THE BODY
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
THE HEART
• SEPTUM – SEPARATES THE RIGHT
AND LEFT SIDES
• ATRIUM – UPPER CHAMBERS
• VENTRICLES – LOWER CHAMBERS
RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
• BLOOD ENTERS THE ATRIUM
– IT IS COLLECTED FROM THE BODY
– IT IS DARK RED – LITTLE OXYGEN
• BLOOD ENTERS THE VENTRICLE
– IT FIRST PASSES THROUGH A VALVE
– FROM HERE IT GOES TO THE LUNGS
THE LUNGS
• RED BLOOD CELLS DROP OFF CARBON
DIOXIDE AND PICK UP OXYGEN
– THE CARBON DIOXIDE IS IMMEDIATELY
BREATHED OUT
• BLOOD IS NOW BRIGHT RED
• IT RETURNS TO THE HEART
THE LEFT SIDE OF THE
HEART
• THE ATRUIM COLLECTS BLOOD
RETURNING FROM THE LUNGS
• THE BLOOD PASSES THROUGH A
VALVE TO THE VENTRICLE
• IT IS PUMPED THROUGHOUT THE
BODY
THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART WORKS
SIX TIMES HARDER THAN THE RIGHT
SIDE OF THE HEART
ARTERIES
• AORTA – THE MAIN BLOOD VESSEL
THAT CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM
THE HEART
– SOME BRANCHES CARRY BLOOD TO
THE REST OF THE BODY
– SOME BRANCHES CARRY BLOOD TO
THE HEART ITSELF
IT IS THE LARGEST BLOOD VESSEL IN
THE BODY
DISECTION OF THE AORTA
ARTERIES
• INNER WALL – SMOOTH TO ALLOW
BLOOD TO FLOW FREELY
• ELASTIC MIDDLE OF SMOOTH
MUSCLE TISSUE – ALLOWS
FLEXIBILITY AND MUSCLE
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
CONTROLS BLOOD FLOW
OUTER – FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE THAT ALLOWS THE ARTERY
TO STRETCH AND RETURN TO
NORMAL WITH EACH HEARTBEAT
CAPILLARIES
• EXTREMELY THIN WALLED
• RED BLOOD CELLS PASS THROUGH
SINGLE FILE
• FOOD AND OXYGEN EXCHANGED FOR
WASTE
• OTHER MATERIALS MAY LEAVE AND
ENTER AT THIS TIME
CAPILLARY TRANSPORTING BLOOD
VEINS
• LARGER THAN CAPILLARIES BUT
SMALLER THAN ARTERIES
• CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART
• THIN WALLS HAVE TINY ONE-WAY
VALVES THAT KEEP THE BLOOD
FROM FLOWING BACKWARD
BLOOD
• BLOOD IS A FLUID TISSUE
• IT CONSISTS OF THREE TYPES OF
PARTICLES – RED AND WHITE BLOOD
CELLS, AND PLATELETS
PLASMA
• THE LIQUID PORTION OF BLOOD
• 90% WATER
• 10% SUGARS, FATS, SALTS, GASES,
AND PLASMA PROTEINS
FUNCTIONS
• HELPS TO REGULATE THE AMOUNT
OF WATER ENTERING OR LEAVING
THE BLOOD
• AIDS IN BLOOD CLOTTING
• TRANSPORTS ANTIBODIES – SPECIAL
PROTEINS THAT HELP FIGHT OFF
BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES
• CARRIES DIGESTED FOOD,
HORMONES, AND WASTE PRODUCTS
RED BLOOD CELLS
• MOST NUMEROUS CELLS IN THE BLOOD
• ROUND WITH FLATTENED HATS AND
THICKENED RIMS AND FLAT CENTERS
– CENTERS ARE SO THIN THEY SEEM CLEAR
– THINNESS ENABLES THEM TO BEND IN THE
CENTER TO SQUEEZE THROUGH NARROW
CAPILLARIES
• PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW
• LIFE SPAN – 120 DAYS
• YOUNG RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE A
NUCLEUS
– AS CELL MATURES, NUCLEUS GROWS
SMALLER AND SMALLER UNTIL IT
VANISHES
SPLEEN
• “CEMETARY” OF RED BLOOD CELLS
– DAMAGED OR WORN OUT CELLS ARE
BROKEN DOWN IN THE SPLEEN
HEMOGLOBIN
• IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN IN BLOOD
• BINDS WITH OXYGEN TO TRANSPORT IT
THROUGHOUT THE BODY
• THE BUILD-UP OF HEMOGLOBIN FORCES
THE NUCLEUS OUT
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• OUTNUMBERED 500 TO 1 BY RED BLOOD
CELLS
• LARGER THAN RED BLOOD CELLS
• SOME LAST A FEW HOURS, MOST FOR
MONTHS OR YEARS
• DEVELOP IN BONE MARROW
WHITE BLOOD CELL
• MAIN FUNCTION – PROTECT
AGAINST ATTACK BY BACTERIA,
VIRUSES, OR OTHER FOREIGN
SUBSTANCES
• AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACK INVADERS
• SURROUND AND DIGEST INVADERS
• MAKE ANTIBODIES
• MAKE SPECIAL CHEMICALS THAT
HELP THE BODY FIGHT DISEASE
PLATELETS
• COLLECT AROUND A CUT
– BURST APART WHEN THEY TOUCH THE
ROUGH EDGES OF THE CUT
– CHEMICALS ARE RELEASED THAT
CAUSE A CHAIN REACTION
• FIBRIN – WEAVES TINY FIBERS ACROSS CUT
IN BLOOD VESSELS
• BLOOD AND PLASMA ARE TRAPPED
• PLASMA HARDENS TO FORM A CLOT
– SCAB
THE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING
• RESEMBLE TINY PLATES
• THEY ARE FRAGMENTS OF CELLS
–
–
–
–
NO NUCLEUS
NO COLOR
LIVE NO MORE THAN 10 DAYS
BREAK AWAY FROM LARGE CELLS
WHICH ARE PRODUCED IN THE BONE
MARROW
BLOOD GROUPS
• FIRST HUMAN TRANSFUSION – 17TH
CENTURY
• DID NOT ALWAYS WORK
• BLOOD TRANSFERS ARE BASED ON
COMPATABILITY OF BLOOD TYPES
– IF NOT, CLUMPING LEADS TO BLOCKAGES
TYPES
TYPE A
HAVE PROTEIN A
TYPE B
HAVE PROTEIN B
TYPE AB
HAVE BOTH
PROTEINS
TYPE O
HAVE NO PROTEIN
• O CAN RECEIVE ONLY FROM O
• AB CAN RECEIVE FROM ANYONE
• LANDSTEINER AND WIENER
DISCOVERED ANOTHER GROUP OF 18
PROTEINS
• RH – BECAUSE IT WAS DISCOVERED
IN RHESUS MONKEYS
Rh FACTOR
Rh+
PERSON HAS ANY OF
THE 18 PROTEINS
Rh-
PERSON DOES NOT
HAVE ANY OF THE 18
PROTEINS
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
• DISEASES OF THE HEART AND
BLOOD VESSELS
• CHRONIC DISORDERS BECAUSE
PEOPLE LIVE LONGER
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• THICKENING OF THE INNER WALL OF
THE ARTERY
– ALSO KNOWN AS HARDENING OF THE
ARTERIES
– CHOLESTEROL COLLECTS ON THE
WALL
– WALLS NARROW
– BLOOD FLOW IS SLOWED OR BLOCKED
• IF THE BLOOD FLOW IS REDUCED,
CELLS DIE
– IF IN HEART – HEART ATTACK
– IF IN BRAIN - STROKE
• BEGINS IN PEOPLE AS YOUNG AS 20
• AVOID OR LIMIT FOODS RICH IN FATS
AND CHOLESTEROL
HEART BYPASS
A BLOOD VESSEL IS REMOVED FROM
THE LEG AND IS USED TO BYPASS
THE DAMAGED ARTERIES SERVING
THE HEART
A VEIN BYPASSES
THE BLOCKAGE
ANGIOPLASTY
• A BALLOON IS INSERTED INTO THE
CLOGGED ARTERY
• THE BALLOON IS BLOWN UP IN AN
EFFORT TO BREAK THE PLAQUE
FROM THE ARTERY WALLS
A BALLOON IS INSERTED TO
BREAK UP THE PLAQUE
HYPERTENSION
• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
• MEASURED BY
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
– FIRST NUMBER – WHEN HEART
CONTRACTS
– SECOND NUMBER – WHEN HEART
RELAXES
• BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES
THROUGHOUT THE DAY
• IF IT REMAINS HIGH –
HYPERTENSION
• A SILENT KILLER – NO OBVIOUS
SYMPTOMS
• LIFESTYLE CHANGES CAN MAKE A
DIFFERENCE
–
–
–
–
–
WATCH YOUR WEIGHT
REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF SALT
EAT SENSIBLY
EXERCISE REGULARLY
MEDICINE CAN ALSO MAKE A
DIFFERENCE