Transcript 2. artificial acquired immunity

Are you Ready! Let’s Go!
Explain the structure of the lymphatic system
A.
1.
2.
3.
B.
1.
2.
3.
LYMPH –
Straw-colored, similar to plasma
Interstitial fluid-(fluid in spaces
between cells)
Composed of H2O
lymphocytes, O2, digested
nutrients, etc., but no red cells
or protein (too large)
LYMPH VESSELS –
Closely parallel veins
Located in almost all tissues
and organs that have blood
vessels
Thoracic duct – largest lymph
vessel
Structure cont.
C. LYMPH NODES –.
1.Tiny, oval shaped size of a pinhead to
size of almond
2. Located in neck and throughout the
body
D. TONSILS1.Get smaller as person gets older
2. Located in the throat
3. Adenoids tonsils on upper part of throat.
E. SPLEEN –
1.Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
2. The largest organ that is located in
the Upper left abdominal cavity just
below diaphragm.
F. Thymus gland –
1. Upper anterior chest above the heart.
Analyze the function of the lymphatic
system.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Lymph – fluid that goes
between capillary blood
and tissues.
Carries digested food, O2,
and hormones to cells
Carries wastes back to the
capillaries for excretion
Since lymphatic system
has not pump, skeletal
muscle action squeezes
lymph along
Lymph in tissues is
interstitial fluid.
Lymph Vessels
Lymph vessels- transport excess
tissue fluid back into circulatory
system
1.Valves prevent backward flow
2.Lymph flows in only one
direction-from body organs to
heart
3. Closely parallel veins
4.Tissue lymph enter small lymph
vessels which drain into larger
lymph vessels (lymphatics) into
two main lymphatics –the
thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct
Lymph Nodes



1. Produce
lymphocytes
2. Filter out harmful
bacteria
3. If substance can’t be
destroyed, node
become inflamed.
Tonsils
1.
2.
Lymph tissue that
produces
lymphocytes.
They get smaller as a
person gets older
Spleen
1. Produce lymphocytes
and monocytes
2. Filters blood
3. Blood reservoir- Stores
large amounts of RBCs
– contracts during
vigorous exercise or
loss of blood, to release
RBC’s
4. Recycles-destroys old
or fragile RBC’s
Thymus
1. Produces lymphocytes
2. Thymus is also
considered an
endocrine gland
Immunity- the body’s ability to resist
disease.





NATURAL IMMUNITY
– at birth, inherited and
permanent. Includes:
Unbroken skin
Mucus and tears
Blood phagocytes
Local inflammation
Not present at birth. The
body’s reaction to invaders.
PASSIVE ACQUIRED
IMMUNITY
From injecting antibodies,
only lasts a few weeks
Lasts longer
1. NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
– result of having had and recovered
from a disease. For example, a child
who had measles will usually not get
it again – child’s body has
manufactured antibodies.
2. ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
comes from being vaccinated
3. IMMUNIZATION
Antigen injected into a person to
stimulate production of antibodies
Disorders of the Lymphatic System
TONSILLITIS
1. In childhood, they may
become infected, enlarged,
2. cause difficulty swallowing
3. Tonsillectomy in extreme
cases
Lymphadenitis generalized
enlargement of the lymph
nodes (adenitis)
1. Enlargement of the lymph
glands
2. Occurs when infection is
present and body is
attempting to fight off the
infection.
HODGKIN’S DISEASE
1.
Cancer of the lymph
nodes,
2.
Painless swelling of lymph
nodes is early symptom.
3.
Rx – chemotherapy and
radiation
INFECTIOUS
MONONUCLEOSIS
1. Caused by virus
2. Frequently in young adults
and children
3. Spread by oral contact
(kissing)
4. Symptoms – enlarged
lymph nodes, fever,
physical and mental
fatigue,  leukocytes
5. Rx (treatment)- bedrest
Hypersensitivity
1. Abnormal response to a
drug or allergen.
2. Antibodies made in
response to foreign material
ALLERGEN irritate certain
body cells
3. Allergen - is an antigen that
causes allergic responses.
(Examples of allergens –
ragweed, penicillin, bee
stings, foods such as nuts,
etc.)
Anaphylaxis
1. Severe, sometimes fatal
allergic reaction
2. Antigen-antibody reaction
stimulates a massive secretion
of histamine
3. Symptoms – breathing
problems, headache, facial
swelling, falling blood
pressure, stomach cramps,
and vomiting
4. Treatment – adrenaline or
epinephrine (Epipen)
5. Those who have
hypersensitivity to bee stings
should wear a medic alert
bracelet
Autoimmune disorders

When a persons
own immune system
mistakenly targets
normal cells, tissues
and organs of a
person’s body

Lupus Erythematosus Combination of
symptoms- could be
skin, joints, blood
clotting.
 Severe cases could
damage kidney, brain,
or lungs.
 Treat with antiiflammatory meds
Autoimmune disorder

Scleraderma


Thickening of skin and blood vessels.
Raynauds disease is usually present


Spasm of blood vessels of finger and toes. Sx include
sensitivity to cold
Can result in loss of movement and difficulty
breathing.
Lymphedema



Condition that results from impaired flow of
the lymphatic system.
Sx include swelling in one or more
extremities.
No cure for lymphedema, however
compression treatments and physical therapy
may help reduce the swelling and discomfort.
HIV/AIDS
1. Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
2. Caused by HIV
3. Three responses to HIV
infection:
a. AIDS – full disorder
b. ARC – AIDS – related
complex
c. Asymptomatic infection
4. Screening tests for HIV
available.
5. AIDS victim subject to
opportunistic infections or
diseases (cancer, infections)
that a healthy person would
fight off but AIDS victim has
compromised immune
response.
6. Incubation period – 1 month to
12 years.
7. RX and prevention- advances
being made.
8. ARC – AIDS- related complex –
HIV but not AIDS – less severe
symptoms.
9. Transmission
a. Sex with someone HIV
positive
b. Sharing needles with
infected drug users.
c. At birth from infected mother
10. Cannot be spread by casual
contact, coughing, sneezing,
shaking hands and sharing
eating utensils.
11. Prevention – avoid risky
behaviors and observe
standard precautions.









Patient care equipment and linens
Handle with care,
Don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean
or discard appropriately.

Guidelines to be used in patient care
setting
Must be used when there is contact with
blood, any body fluid (except sweat),
mucous membranes and non-intact skin.
Handwashing – the single most effective
way to prevent infection.
Wash hands after touching body fluids,
even if gloves are worn.
Wash hands immediately after removing
gloves, between patient contacts.
Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap
Wash for a minimum of 20 seconds
Personal protective equipment
Gloves – worn when touching blood,
body fluids, etc. (If it’s wet and not yours
WEAR GLOVES)
Mask, eye protection, face shield and
gown – during patient care activities that
may generate splashes or sprays of
blood, body fluids, etc.
Health Occupations and Bloodborne
Pathogens
Beware of needles!
 Never recap used needles.
 Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in
sharps container.
 Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or
other ventilation devices as alternative to
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
 A patient who contaminates the environment
should be in a private room or relatively
isolated area.
The AIDS Patient
 Sometimes treated as outcasts
 Healthcare worker should be supportive
 Use of gloves for normal patient contact is
not necessary
