Transcript Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

hem/o
and hemat/o
plasma - 55%
formed elements - 45%
serum - plasma without clotting proteins
RBC
- erythrocytes - erythropoiesis
WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis
Platelets - thrombocytes thrombopoiesis
erythr/o
- red
cyte - cell
Hemoglobin - blood protein transports
oxygen
Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte
RBCs produced by red bone marrow
leuk/o
- white
Protect the body against invasion
Pass through capillary walls
 Granulocytes
• neutrophils (phagocytosis)
• eosinophils (allergies)
• basophils (promote inflammation)
 Agranulocytes
• lymphocytes (production of circulating
antibodies)
• monocytes (macrophages)
 Collection of dead and living bacteria
and leukocytes called pus, abscess.
smallest
formed element
made in bone marrow
essential to blood coagulation
In case of injury, blood comes in contact
with any tissue other than the lining of
the vessels, platelets stick together, form
plug, seals wound. Chemicals released,
series of reactions, formation of clot.
plasma
• 92% water
• 8% plasma proteins
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
serum - plasma without clotting
proteins or fibrinogen

To protect the entire body from a variety of
harmful substances
• pathogenic microorganisms
• allergens
• toxins
• malignant cells
 Unlike
other body systems, Immune System is
NOT contained within a single set of organs or
vessels
 Action depends on structures from lymphatic,
cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems
 Works primarily through antigen-antibody
reaction
 Major
structures
• lymph vessels
• lymph nodes
• lymph fluid
• tonsils
 Also
• spleen
• thymus
 lymph/o
• drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to
•
•
•
•
the blood
transport materials (nutrients, hormones and
oxygen) to body cells
carry away waste products to the blood
transport lipids away from digestive system
control of infection
 Lymph
originates in
blood plasma
 Interstitial fluid
 cleans and nourishes
body tissues
 collects cellular debris,
bacteria
 return to blood or lymph
capillaries
 located
in lymph vessels
 small round or oval structures
(filters)
 depositories for cellular debris
 bacteria and debris
phagocytized
 inside
are masses of tissue which contain
WBCs (lymphocytes)
 almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100
 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often
swell as an indicator of the disease process
 sac-like
mass of lymphatic tissue
 filter for lymph
 phagocytic cells
 hemolytic
 lymphatic
tissue
 mediastinum
 primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells
for cellular immunity
 masses
of lymph tissue designed to filter
tissue fluid, not lymph
 located beneath certain areas of moist
epithelium exposed to outside and hence to
contamination
 any or all may become so loaded with
bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance
 should not be removed unless absolutely
necessary.
 Antigen
- any substance that the body
regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)
 Antibody - a disease fighting protein
developed by the body in response to the
presence of an antigen
 Antigen-antibody reaction or immune
reaction
 monocytes
• formed in bone marrow/transported where needed
by body
• become macrophages
 macrophage
- phagocytic cell that protects
body by ingesting invading cells
 lymphocytes - major class of WBCs
• formed in lymphatic tissue
T
cells or T Lymphocytes
• mature in thymus gland
• Cell mediated immunity
 B cells or B Lymphocytes
• mature in bone marrow
• antibody-mediated immunity
T
Cell (cell mediated immunity)
• circulating lymphocytes
• produced in bone marrow
• matures in thymus
• live for years
• primary function: coordinate immune defenses
and kill organisms
 helper
T cells - essential to proper
functioning of immune system.
 Memory
cells- remember antigens
and stimulate a faster response if same
antigen introduced at a later time
 Four
blood groups based on presence or
absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on
surface of RBCs
• A - A antigen
• B - B antigen
• AB - both AB antigens
• O - no AB antigens
 Plasma
does not contain the antibody
against own antigen
 Antigens
on the donor’s RBCs react
with the antibodies in patients plasma
and cause a transfustion reaction.
 Rh
factor is antigen present on RBC
 Rh positive and Rh negative
 Rh neg pregnant woman may develop
antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive
fetus.
 hemolytic disease of the newborn
 prevented with RhoGAM
 Immunity-state
of being resistant or not
susceptible to a specific disease
 Acquired
immunity-any form of immunity NOT
present at birth and obtained during life
Health
Age
Heredity
 Oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood is
reduced
 symptom of disease
• erythropenia
• hypochromasia
• Low hematocrit
 Caused
by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus)
 HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long
incubation of up to 10 years
 AIDS name applied during advanced stages of
disease
 After immune system destroyed, opportunistic
infections occur.
 Hypoproteinemia
 lowers
osmotic pressure within blood
• large amounts of plasma pass out of blood
 poor
lymph drainage
 increased capillary permeability
 congestive heart failure
 localized edema, ascites
 Hereditary
blood clotting disorder
 sex-linked, usually in men
 lack factor VIII, essential for blood
clotting
 hematomas
 hemarthrosis
 Acute
infection caused by virus.
 Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,
atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function,
and bruising.
 transmitted by droplet infection
 Infection confers permanent immunity
 Metastasis, Metastasize
 Carcinoma
• Malignant Melanoma
• Adenocarcinoma
 Sarcoma
(arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)
• Osteosarcoma
• Myosarcoma
• Myeloma
 Major
oncological disorder of bloodforming organs
 malignant cells replace health bone
marrow cells
 acute myelogenous leukemia
 acute lymphocytic leukemia
 Malignant
disorder
 Painless, progressive enlargement of
lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical
lymph nodes; splenomegaly
 Anorexia, weight loss, +9, anemia,
leukocytosis
 Is

a hypersensitive disorder of the immune system.
Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless
environmental substances known as allergens ;these
reactions are acquired ,predictable, and rapid.
 Allergy
is one of four forms of hypersensitivity .

It is characterized by excessive activation of certain
white blood cells called mast cells and basophils by a
type of antibody known as IgE ,resulting in an
extreme inflammatory response.

Common allergic reactions include eczema ,rash ,hay
fever ,asthma attacks ,food allergies ,and reactions to
the venom of stinging insects such as wasps and
bees .
 Is
the failure of an organism to recognize its own
constituent parts as self ,which allows an immune
response against its own cells and tissues.
 Any
disease that results from such an unusual immune
response is termed an autoimmune disease.
 Prominent
examples include
• Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
• Rheumatoid arthritis RA
 Transplant
rejection
occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue is
not accepted by the body of the transplant
recipient.
 This
is explained by the concept that the
immune system of the recipient attacks the
transplanted organ or tissue.
 This
is expected to happen, because the immune
system's purpose is to distinguish foreign material
within the body and attempt to destroy it, just as it
attempts to destroy infecting organisms such as
bacteria and viruses
 When
possible, transplant rejection can be
reduced through the use of immunosuppressant
drugs
M.R., a 36-year-old certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), was
diagnosed 7 years ago with latex allergy. She first noticed that she
developed contact dermatitis when she wore powdered latex gloves.
She soon developed tachycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, urticaria,
and rhinitis with contact or proximity to latex in surgery. She had one
frightening episode of anaphylaxis. Her allergy is of the type I
hypersensitivity, IgE T-cell-mediated latex allergy, which was diagnosed
by a skin-prick test.
M.R. avoids all contact with any natural rubber latex in her home and at
work. She can only work in a pediatric OR because they are latex-free,
since many children with congenital disorders are latex allergic. She
wears a medical alert bracelet, uses a bronchodilator inhaler at the first
symptom of bronchospasm, and carries a syringe of epinephrine at all
times.