Transcript The Lymphatic/Immune System

By: Erin Murray, Sachiko Kawata,
Michelle Pecora
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The lymphatic system is a “specialized component of the circulatory
system.”
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Two main functions-Immunity
-Control the fluid balance in the
internal environment
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Achieves two different kinds of immunity- non-specific, and specific
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Non-specific- defend against anything that is foreign.
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Examples of non-specific= specific resistance (genetic by species resistance
to certain diseases) medical and chemical barriers (secretion, skin, mucus,
sebum, hydrochloric acid, enzymes), phagocytosis (phagocytes ingest and
destroy foreign microorganisms), inflammation (tissue damage brings in
mediators, which attract white blood cells).
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Specific- Four different lymphocytesB cells, make antibodies that attack, or command other cells.
Killer T-cells, destroy antigens by attacking them directly.
Helper T cells, stimulate the production of anti-bodies by activating B
cells.
Supressor T cells, turn off antibody production when the infection is
gone.
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The B cells are made and mature in the bone marrow, and all of the T cells
are made in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus.
Certain T cells can
attack and destroy diseased cells
they recognize as foreign. T
lymphocytes are accountable for
cell-mediated immunity. T cells
depend on the major
histocompatibility complex to
help them recognize antigen
fragments.
Cells that will grow into the unique
types of more specialized cells that circulate
throughout the immune system are crated in the
bone marrow. This spongy tissue is found in the
center shafts of certain long, flat bones of the
body. The cells most relevant for understanding
vaccines are the lymphocytes, are close to one
trillion. The two major classes of lymphocytes
are B cells, which grow to maturity in the bone
marrow, and T cells, which mature in the thymus.
B cells made antibodies that circulate in
the blood and lymph streams and connect to
foreign antigens to destroy them by other
immune cells.
To the right is the diagram
of the activation of helper
T cells.
To the left is activation
of B cells to make
antibody, and to the
activation of cytotoxic
T cells.
There are many diseases and problems that can be
happening in the Immune System. For example….
Aids/HIV, Allergies, Hodgkin’s Disease, Leukimia,
Multiple Myeloma, Lupus, Mononecleosis, Myssthenia
Gravis, and White Blood Cell Disorders. There are
numerous amounts of sickness in the human body, to say
one system.
*AIDS/HIV-there are many mediations that people can take to calm their sickness but at this
time, there is stil nocure for this virus.
*Allergies-you can take medicine to slow the immune system down, but we can’t cure this
problem.
*Hodgkin’s Disease and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma-Can be treated with drugs or radiation.
*Leukemia-they can take the drugs but only under doctor supervision.
*Multiple Myeloma-it can be helped by standard therapy usually
*Lupus-mild cases need no treatment but sever cases with aspirin and cortisone. It can’t be
cured completely.
*Mononecleosis-treated by bed rest and it isn’t fatal. Patients mostly recover within 3-6
weeks.
*Myasthenia Gravis-with medication (anticholinesterases or immunosuppressives)
*White Blood Cell Disorders-Depends on its cause but sometimes it can recover with nothing
at all but if its sever then they must be hospitalized.
• Called Lyphoid organs
• Organs-Tonsils and Adenoids,
Lymph Nodes, Appendix,
Bone Marrow, Thymus,
Spleen, Peyer’s Patches,
Lymphatic Vessels, Thoracic
Duct, and Lymphatic
Vasculature.
• Tonsils and Adenoids- located
in mouth (nose for Adenoids),
lymphoid tissue that produce
white blood cells that fight
against antigens. Prevent
infections from nose and
mouth.
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Lymph nodes- dilations of the lymphatic tissue, supported by reticulin
fibers, larger clusters located mainly in axillary (armpit area), and inguinal
(pubic area), filters lymphatic fluid.
Bone Marrow- located in bones, produces red blood cells that eventually
become lymphocytes (T cells mature in the spleen, B cells mature in the
marrow).
Thymus- located in thoracic cavity just below the neck, mainly used when
younger, contains lymphocytes, function is to develop T cells that are
immature to T cells that are immune-competent.
Spleen- located about mid-body, destroys old red blood cells (waste), and
has a good immune response because it filters blood and is able control
blood-borne antigens better.
Peyer’s Patches- found in small intestine, lymphoid tissues.
Lymphatic (Lymph) Vessels- prevent backflow of lymph, contain
specialized organs (Lymph Nodes).
Thoracic Duct- collects small amounts of interstatial (tissue) fluid and
returns it to the blood stream. The larger lymphatic vessels unite into this.
Lymphatic Capillaries- closed end tubes, are near normal capillaries,
different fluids go in the L. capillaries by osmosis and lymph is then
formed.
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Gene therapy helps cancer patients.
The problem is that the killer T-cells
don’t recognize that cancer cells are
foreign. Allovectin-2 is injected into
the tumor and helps the cells to
recognize cancer cells.
Cancer vaccine presents the immune
system with a harmless version of a
pathogen. The immune system learns
to recognize cancer if it is presented
with a pathogen. It contains similar
proteins that are in cancer cells to help
the immune system recognize cancer.
Immunogene therapy uses the
chemicals GM-CSF and B7-2 to build
the bodies immune system and destroy
cancer cells at the same time. The
treatment is a shot of 2 genes in one
virus. It can be used as a vaccine or a
treatment.
• http://www.bigchalk.com
• Your Immune System, by Alan E. Nourse, M.D.,
copyright 1982
• The Immune System, by Edward Edelson,
copyright 2000
• http://innerbody.com/text/lympov.html
• http://www.niaid.nih.gov/final/immun/immun.htm
• http://www.howstuffworks.com/immunesystem.htm/