Transcript Lymphatic System - Sizemore's Site

Ch 16
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Lymph
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphocytes
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Lymph nodes
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Production, maintenance, and distribution of
lymphocytes
Return of fluid and solutes from peripheral
tissues to the blood
Distribution of hormones, nutrients, and
waste products from their tissues of origin to
the general circulation
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A fluid that resembles blood plasma but
contains a much lower concentration of
suspended proteins.
Travels through the lymphatic vessels and
carries lymphocytes.
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Small, oval lymphoid organs that function
much like a kitchen water filter.
It filters and purifies lymph before it reaches
the venous circulation.
Removes at least 99% of the antigens in
lymph
Also provide an early warning system
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Located where peripheral lymphatics enter
the trunk
Groin, axillary, neck
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Located in the mediastinum, just posterior to
the sternum and just above the base of the
heart.
Reaches its greatest size (compared to the
body)in the 1st year or two after birth but
reaches its maximum size just before
puberty, after which it begins to decrease in
size.
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Produces the hormone thymosin, which
promotes the development and maturation
of lymphocytes.
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The adult spleen contains the largest
collection of lymphoid tissue in the body.
Lies along the curving lateral border of the
stomach, extending between the 9th and 11th
ribs.
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Removal of abnormal blood cells and other
blood components by phagocytosis
Storage of iron from recycled RBCs
The initiation of immune responses by B cells
and T cells in response to antigens in
circulating blood.
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An impact to the left side of the abdomen can
damage the spleen, which is very delicate.
If the capsule is rupture, severe abdominal
bleeding may result, leading to circulatory
shock.
Sutures typically tear out so a badly damaged
spleen usually is removed.
More susceptible to bacterial infections
Enlarges during Mono (restricted from
contact sports)
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The spleen in a fetus is a secondary site for
the production of red blood cells.
This lasts until about the 5th month of
gestation.
After this, the bone marrow takes over.
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Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites capable
of not only surviving but thriving inside our
bodies-and potentially causing us great harm.
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Also called innate defense
Do not distinguish one type of threat from
another.
Present at birth
Includes physical barriers (skin, mucous
membranes), phagocytic cells, interferons,
complement, inflammation, and fever.
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Perform janitorial and police services in
peripheral tissues, removing cellular debris
and responding to invasion by foreign
compounds or pathogens
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Microphages are neutrophils and eosinophils
that circulate through the blood and leave
the bloodstream and go to the tissues
(diapedesis)
Macrophages are large, actively phagocytic
cells that derived from monocytes
They are either fixed (permanent residents of
specific tissue) or free (travel throughout the
body)
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Natural killer cells are responsible for
recognizing and destroying abnormal cells
when they appear in peripheral tissues.
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Small proteins released by activated
lymphocytes and macrophages and by tissue
cells infected with viruses.
They bind to the membrane of normal cells
and trigger the production of antiviral
proteins in the cytoplasm.
They do not interfere with the virus entering
the cell, but interfere with viral replication
inside the cell.
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Your plasma contains 11 special complement
proteins which form the complement system.
It complements the action of antibodies.
Destruction of target cells
Stimulation of inflammation
Attraction of phagocytes
Enhancement of phagocytosis
A localized tissue response to injury.
 Produces local sensations of swelling,
redness, heat, and pain
1. To perform a temporary repair at injury site
and prevent access to other pathogens
2. To slow the spread of pathogens away from
the injury site
3. To mobilize local, regional, and systemic
defenses to overcome the pathogens
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The maintenance of a body temperature
greater than 99o F.
High body temps can inhibit some viruses
and bacteria
Most likely benefit is increased metabolism.
For every 1oC rise in temp, your metabolism
increases 10%.
Results in quicker mobilization of tissue
defenses and accelerated repair process
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Also known as adaptive defenses
Protect against particular threats
Many develop after birth as a result of
accidental or deliberate exposure
Depend on the activities of lymphocytes
Produce specific resistance or immunity.
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T cells are responsible for cell-mediated
immunity
B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated
immunity
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Innate-genetically determined and present at
birth
Acquired-not present at birth, acquire
immunity to a specific antigen only once you
have been exposed to that antigen.
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Active-appears after exposure to an antigen,
as a consequence of the immune response.
Naturally-after exposure to antigens in the
environment
Induced-after administration of antigen to
prevent disease (vaccine)
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Induced-Administration of antibodies to
combat infection
Natural-transfer of maternal antibodies
across placenta or in breast milk
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The immune resistance of a population of
interest—e.g., military recruits, children in a
day-care centre—to invasion and spread by a
particular pathogen, based on the resistance
of most individual members of the group
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An antigen is any substance that causes your
immune system to produce antibodies
against it. An antigen may be a foreign
substance from the environment such as
chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen. An
antigen may also be formed within the body,
as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells
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any of numerous Y-shaped protein molecules
produced by B cells as a primary immune
defense, each molecule and its clones having
a unique binding site that can combine with
the complementary site of a foreign antigen,
as on a virus or bacterium, thereby disabling
the antigen and signaling other immune
defenses.
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The healthy human body is equipped with a
powerful set of tools for resisting the onslaught
of invading microorganisms (such as viruses,
bacteria, and parasites). Unfortunately, this set
of tools, known as the immune system,
sometimes goes awry and attacks the body
itself. These misdirected immune responses are
referred to as autoimmunity, which can be
demonstrated by the presence of
autoantibodies or T lymphocytes reactive with
host antigens.
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an environmental substance that can produce
a hypersensitive reaction in the body but may
not be intrinsically harmful. Common
allergens include pollen, animal dander,
house dust, feathers, and various foods.
Studies indicate that one of six Americans is
hypersensitive to one or more allergens.
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Graft rejection, organ rejection, tissue
rejection. The constellation of host immune
responses evoked when an allograft tissue is
transplanted into a recipient; rejection
phenomena may be minimized by optimal
matching of MHC antigens and ABO blood
groups and ameliorated with
immunosuppressants–eg, cyclosporin,
tacrolimus, rapamycin Exceptions of TR
Corneal transplants, identical twins.
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Isografts are from genetically identical
people; this would be from an identical twin.
They are anatomically like allografts, but
because they have the same genetics, there
isn't an immune response.
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self transplant that includes skin grafts,
taking a vein from the leg to use in heart
surgery. There are no immune issues from
this.
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this is the most common type and is
transplant of non-identical people. This is
what most transplants are (heart, lung,
kidney etc transplants from when people
donate their bodies); immunosuppressants
need to be taken to prevent the body from
rejecting this type of transplant.
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Xenograft-transplant from another species.
Most commonly would be a pig's heart valve
used to replace a human valve. This has the
immune issues like allografts. Animals can
also be harder to control the diseases and this
is important since the person would need
immunosuppressants.
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Flu
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
H1N1
Hepatitis A & B
Measles
Diptheria
Mumps
Tetanus
Rubella
Rabies
Chicken Pox HPV
Polio
Typhoid Fever
Small Pox
Yellow Fever
HiB Meningitis