Transcript Blood and Lymphatics

Haematology and The
Lymphatic System
Functions of Blood

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones and
enzymes to body cells

Carry waste away from body cells

Protect body against fluid loss through
clotting mechanism

Protect against infection
What is blood made up of?
1.Plasma

Is a straw coloured liquid

Consists of water, proteins, and the
following types of blood cells
Types of blood cells

Erythrocytes

Are Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Contain hemoglobin – pigment that contains
iron and carries oxygen

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide i
Types of blood cells cont’d

Leucocytes

Are white blood cells (WBC)

Fight against infection and inflammation

Neutrophils, Eosiniphils, Basophils lymphocytes,
Monocytes are types of leucocytes

Neutrophils swallow and destroy bacteria This is
known as phagocytosis
Types of blood cells cont’d

Thrombocytes

Are also called platelets

Are responsible for blood clotting
Blood clotting

Process of blood thickening and forming a
gel

Is called coagulation

Gel is called a clot

Clotting prevents blood loss when a blood
vessel is ruptured
Haemrrohage

Occurs when blood doesn’t clot quickly
enough

Some drugs are used to prevent and treat
clotting or thrombosis by blocking the
clotting mechanism

These drugs are called antocoagulants e.g.
Heparin
Thrombosis

Is a clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Is due to blood clotting too easily
Haemopoiesis –(poiesis
means formation)
Process by which blood cells are formed & occurs in

Bone marrow (myeloid tissue) –Erythrocytes
(RBC), some leucocytes (WBC), & platelets

Lymphoid tissue – produces some leucocytes

Production occurs in spleen, tonsils, &lymph nodes
Word Components
Root
Combining
form
haem haem/o
Meaning
erythr erythr/o
red blood cell
reticul reticul/o
young erythrocyte
leuc
leuc/o, leuk/o
white blood cell
myel
myel/o
bone marrow
blood
Act 1,2
Blood grouping

Erythrocytes contain special proteins
(agglutinations) that determines our
blood group

ABO group

Rh group
ABO grouping

Type A = 41% of population

Type B = 10% of population

Type AB = 4% of population

Type O = 45% of population
Rh grouping

Rh +

Rh –

In blood transfusions both recipient &donor
must match in ABO grouping

And also Rh grouping
Words and word
Components
-aemia/aem
condition of blood
-blast
immature germ cell
blast/o
early, growth, germ
cyt, cyt/o
cell
ferr/o
iron
fer/o
to carry
haem/o
blood
hist/o
tissue
leuc/o
white
megal/o
large
Words and word
Components
myel/o
bone marrow
-osis
abnormal condition, disease, or increase
paenia
decrease, deficiency
phage (phagia)
to eat
-plasm
substance to form
poikil/o
varies, irregular
-poiesis
formation
-poly
morph
many
ser/o
serum
sider/o
iron
forms or shapes
Disorders & Terms
Anaemia
Haemaphilia
haemorrhage
decrease in the numbers of
erythrocytes or haemoglobin together
with erythrocytes unable to carry
oxygen efficiently
congenital disease, lack of clotting
factors (Factor8)
bleeding
Hodgkin’s disease malignant disease of lymph nodes
hypersplenism
enlarged spleen
leucocytosis
increase in leucocytes in blood &
blood marrow
Disorders
leukaemia
increase in white blood cells.Cancer of
the blood
multiple myeloma
malignant disease of bone marrow
pernicious anaemia
polycythaemia
reduction of vitamin B12 in red blood
cells of bone marrow
abnormal increase in red blood
cells.can lead to thrombosis and
haemorrhaging
septicaemia
splenomegaly
blood poisoning
enlarged spleen
splenorrhexis
rupture of the spleen
thalassaemia
hereditary blood disease, adnormality
in the production of haemoglobin
Procedures
autologous
transfusion
transfusion from self
biopsy of lymph
node
removal o fpart of plmph node for
examination
bone marrow
transplant
splenectomy
implantation of bone marrow from
person to person
removal of the spleen
Abbreviations
ALL
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
AML
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
ESR
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FBC
Full Blood Count
Hb
haemoglobin
Hct
haematocrit
LFT
liver function tests
Na
sodium
Abbreviations
RBC
red blood cell
TFT
thyroid function tests
WBC
white blood cell
Haematology Terms
haemodialysis removal of wastes from blood
haemoglobin
oxygen carrying pigment of blood
haemopoiesis
production of blood cells
myelopoiesis
production of bone marrow
plasma
fluid component o fblood
platelet
thrombocyte
serum,
fluid that separates from blood
dyscrasia
abnormal state of body or body part
Haematology Terms
lymphocytopaenia
decrease of white blood cells
leucocytosis
increase of leucocytes
leucopaenia
decrease in WBC
lymphocytosis
increase in lymphocytes
macrocytosis
abnormally large red blood cells
poikilocytosis
abnormally shaped erythrocytes
pyrexia
fever
thrombocytopaenia reduction in platelets
Lymphatic System
Consists of
Capillaries
 Vessels
 Ducts
 Nodes

Responsible for
Transporting lymph that is formed from tissue
fluid

Functions of Lymphatic
System

Protection from infection - nodes filter
microorganisms (bacteria) in the lymph fluid

Transportation of lymphocytes which help
body fight infection support immune response

Transportation of lipids

Transportation of excess tissue fluid back
into the bloodstream
Act 1
Lymphatic Organs

Spleen – destroys old RBC, stores blood, filters
blood, plays a part in immune response

Adenoids & tonsils – thought to play part in
formation of lymphocytes & antibodies

Thymus – controls development of immune system
Lymph nodes, Lymphocytes
and macrophages

Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and
macrophages

These cells destroy bacteria by ingesting
(swallowing) it

During infection lymphocytes& macrophages
multiply rapidly causing lymph nodes to swell &
be painful
Word parts
Word root
Lymphaden
Combining Meaning
form
lymphaden/o lymph node or gland
Lymphangi
lymphangi/o lymph duct or vessel
Splen
splen/o
Spleen.
Act 2
Immunity – Disease
protection

Antigen – foreign body substance that
causes formation of an antibody to fight
against it

Antibody - substance that can destroy
antigens that have entered the body
Word parts
Word root
Combining
form
Meaning
Ser
ser/o
serum. the clear portion of
and liquid formed when
blood clots. used for
antibodies
Py
py/o
pus
serum investigations can lead a patient to being
negative or positive for the presence of a particular
antibody
Pus

Liquid made up of proteins, tissue
fluids containing bacteria, &
leucocytes

Formed in response to infection
Immune response

Identification & destruction of anything that
is foreign i.e antigens

Includes transplanted organs or body cells
that have changed their form e.g. malignant
cells
Immune response to
infection

Lymph gland swell

FBC (Full Blood Count) will show increase in
WBC ( white blood cells)

Lymph glands and FBC returns to normal
when bacteria or microorganisms are
destroyed
Immune response to
infection

Lymphocytes become memory cells and
respond rapidly if exposed to the same
organism again
This is the basis of immunity
Conditions of Lymphatic
System
Tonsillitis
Glandular fever
lymphangitis
lymphoedema
inflammation of the tonsils due to
bacterial or viral infection
infectious disease caused by a
virus affecting lymph nodes of
neck, armpits & groin
inflammation of lymph vessels
ghross enlargement o fskin &
underlying tissues caused by
obstrucution of the lymph
vessels.This prevents drainage of
the ly ph from surrounding tissues
Abbreviations
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALL
Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia
CLL
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Ig
immunoglobulin
T&A
tonsills and adenoids
TLD
thoracic lymph duct