Transcript The Circulatory System

The Circulatory System
8646-A
Mr. Akin’s Animal Science Class
Circulatory consists of . . .
Heart
Veins
Capillaries
Arteries
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Glands
Specific Functions of the CS
1. Distribution of nutrients
2. Transportation and exchange of oxygen and
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
carbon dioxide
Removal of waster materials
Distribution of endocrine secretions
Prevention of excessive bleeding
Prevention of infection
Regulation of body temperature
The heart
The Heart
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
• Located in the thoracic cavity
• Funnel-shaped, hollow, muscular organ
• Housed in the pericardial sac = pericardium
Heart
• The wall of the heart consists of 3 layers:
• 1. Epicardium
• Outer layer is actually the inside layer of the
pericardium
• 2. Endocardium
• Consist of endothelial cells
• 3. Myocardium
• Middle layer of the walls
Heart = divided into left and right side
• Left
• Right
• Ventricle
• Atrium
• Atrioventricular valve
• Ventricle
• Atrium
• Atrioventricular valve
(AV) = bicuspid
• Aortic Valve
(AV) = tricuspid
• Pulmonary Valve
Valves consists of two or three flaps of skin called leaflets.
Valves
Valves
Blood flow
1. Blood returns
3. Returns in
through the cranial
and caudal vena
cava
2. Right atrium to
ventricle to lungs
through the
pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
4. To left atrium to left
ventricle
5. Oxygenated blood
goes out the body in
the aorta
Common heart lesions
• Notice the black
areas of the
heart. This is an
indication of
diseased or dead
tissue.
• Notice the "cauliflower" lesion on the
walls of the hearts in the above photos.
This is a thrombus (blood clot adhered
to a blood vessel or the heart) and is
usually found on the valves of the
heart.
• The hearts in these photos each have a
hole that is in the septum, middle wall
of the heart, connecting the two sides
of the heart.
• The heart sac has been opened and you
can see that the heart is surrounded by
fibrous material. This material is due to
infection within the heart sac. This can
be referred to as a "shaggy heart".
Blood Flow
Blood Flow
Flow through
Body
The Heart Beat
• Controlled by the action of the sinoatrial
(SA) node
• SA node –
• Group of cells located in the right atrium
•
•
•
•
that send out electric signals to make the
heart pump
Heart’s “natural” pacemaker
Travel across to the AV node
Reacts to adrenaline
The Sinoatrial Node
Blood
Vessels
• Arteries – carry oxygenated blood to the body
• Veins – carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Capillaries – where O2 and CO2 change; connect
arteries to veins.
Capillary Bed
Other than the Lungs . . .
Blood passes through:
1. Kidneys
- filter much of the waste from blood
2. Small Intestine
- picks up nutrients
3. Liver
- filters sugars from the blood and stores them
A & P of Blood
• Expressed as % of body weight
- 7.7% in cattle
- 8.0% in sheep
- 9.7% in horses
Plasma
• Comprises 50 to 60 percent of
the total volume of blood
• Plasma is a straw-colored liquid
= 90% H2O and 10% solids
• Solids = inorganic salts and
organic substances like
antibodies, hormones, vitamins,
enzymes, proteins, and glucose.
• Erythrocytes = bioconcave
• RBC’s – Contain Hemoglobin – Hb is made of
Fe
• Leukocytes
• WBC’s – two types
• Platelets
• Blood clotting
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
• Live 90 to 120 days
• Reabsorbed by the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or
lymph nodes.
• Anemia = results when a subnormal level of
RBC’s and Hb exists. Other causes can be caused
by parasites
• Hemoconcentration = normally caused by by
dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea
Leukocytes
• Two categories:
• Granulocytes
• Neutrophils – made in bone marrow; fight disease – pusabscess
• Eosinophils – contain mostly histamine – indicates allergies
• Basophils – rare in blood; responsible for the symptoms of
allergies
• Agranulocytes – produced by the lymph glands, spleen, thymus
• Monocyte – absorb disease, do not produce pus but join body tissue
• lymphocyte
• WBC’s differ from RBC’s because they have a nucleus and
free movement
Pus and Abscess
Abscess
Vertebral Abscess from tail docking
Abscess
WBC attacking bacteria
WBC and RBC comparison
Platelets
• Coagulation – blood clotting and healing
• Normal blood clotting times:
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•
•
•
Cattle = 6.5 minutes
Swine = 3.5 minutes
Sheep = 2.5 minutes
Horses = 11.5 minutes
Fibrinogen
• Is a fiberous protein in the blood that reacts with
thrombin produced from the injured tissue to
make a threa-like mass called Fibrin.
• Vitamin K is IMPORTANT in this feat!
Blood Types in Animals
• Some may cause disease in offspring
• Example:
• Has been used in identifying swine that has PSS
(Porcine Stress Syndrome)
Lymph
System
• An accessory to the Circulatory
system
• Responsible for for filtering foreign
substances from the lymph.
Lymph System
Lymph Node and Glands
• Scattered among the vessels
• Produce Lymphocytes and Antibodies
• Each lymph gland has its own blood supply
and venous drainage.
Lymph Node
Lymph Node
Bovine TB in Wild Hog
Temperature
• If temp is elevated above norm, then the
animal has a fever.
• Many things other than ill health affect
temp.
• Excitement
• Exercise
• Digestion
• Rest
• High Surrounding Temp
Temperature Range
NORMAL
Temperature
Range
Horse
100.5
99.5 – 101.5
Cattle
101.5
100.5 – 102.5
Swine
102.5
101.0 – 103.0
Sheep
103.0
102.0 – 104.0
Temperature is usually taken in
the rectum in animals.
The End
• All Information came from 8646-A IMS
material and pictures from random websites
with web addresses tied to the pictures.