Transcript The Blood System - s3.amazonaws.com

Medical Terminology
Essentials - Chapter 12
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
After studying this chapter you
will be able to:
•Name the parts of the blood & lymph systems
and discuss the function of each part.
•Define combining forms used in building words
that relate to the blood & lymph systems.
•Name the common signs, symptoms &
diseases
•Name the common Medical, Surgical and
Diagnostic procedures
2
Structure and Function
Blood
•Transports nutrients, oxygen, and
hormones to all parts of the body
•Helps maintain stability of
the body’s fluid volume
•Transports waste products
away from body cells
3
Blood Composition
Blood Composition
Fluid Portion
Cellular Portion
Plasma consisting of: Blood cells consisting
•water
of:
•proteins
•red blood cells
•salts
•white blood cells
•nutrients
•platelets
•vitamins
•hormones
NOTE: If some proteins and blood
cells were removed from plasma
the remaining fluid would be
4
called Serum.
Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
•Also known as erythrocytes
•Produced in the bone marrow in response
to erythropoietin
•Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells
that is essential to the transport of
oxygen
Average red blood cells in a cubic
millimeter of blood
Male = 4.6 to 6.4 million
Female = 4.2 to 5.4 million
5
Leukocytes
Leukocytes
•Also known as white blood cells
•Function to destroy foreign substances
•Two main groups are:
• Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
•Also known as thrombocytes
•Live for about 10 days
•Assist in blood clotting
6
Blood
Types
Blood Types
Blood Types
A, B, AB, O
•Blood typing is based on the
presence of antigens and
antibodies.
People with type O blood can donate to all other
types and are called universal donors. Individuals
with type AB are called universal recipients.
7
Combining Forms (agglutin)
Meaning
Combining Form
agglutin (o)
agglutinin
eosino
eosinophil
erythr (o)
red
hemat (o)
blood
leuk (o)
white
phag (o)
eating, devouring
thromb (o)
blood clot
8
Dyscrasia is a general term for any disease of the
blood with abnormal material present.
Anemia
•General term for a condition in which red blood cells
do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues.
•Causes may be related to a low number of cells or
due to a low amount of hemoglobin
Hemophilia
•Hereditary disorder in which there is a
lack of the clotting factor VIII
9
Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia
•Bleeding disorder with a
lack of platelets
erythropenia
•Low number of red blood cells
hemochromatosis
•Hereditary
disorder that
causes excessive
iron to build up in
the blood
•Low number of all
blood cells
poikilocytosis
•Irregularly
shaped red blood
cells
10
Common Blood Analyses
Common Blood Analyses
•complete blood count
-common screen for basic medical checkup
•hematocrit
-measures packed red blood cells in
a sample
•hemoglobin
-measures level of hemoglobin in the blood
•erythrocyte sedimentation rate
-measures rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma
11
Common Blood Analyses
•blood chemistry
-tests plasma for various substances
such as glucose and electrolytes
•blood culture
-tests a blood specimen in a culture to
identify the presence of microorganisms
•white blood cell differential
-tests number and types of leukocytes
•prothrombin time
-tests for coagulation defects
12
Surgical Terms
Common Procedures
Bone Marrow Biopsy
•Needle is inserted into the bone marrow cavity
and bone marrow is removed for analysis
Bone Marrow Transplant
•Performed for serious conditions such as
leukemia
•Donor bone marrow is inserted into the
patient’s bone marrow
13
Medical Terminology
Essentials - Chapter 13
14
Lymphatic Organs and Structures
Lymphatic Structures
Lymph
•A fluid containing:
-water & sugars
-white blood cells,
protein, salts & waste
Lymphocytes
• produce antibodies
that fight disease
•Antigens also fight
disease by stimulating
an immune response in
other cells
Lymph Vessels
•Carry lymph within the
lymphatic system
•Lymph capillaries are the
smallest of the lymph vessels
Lymph Nodes
•Specialized organs that
produce lymphocytes
•Filter harmful substances
from the tissues
•Contain macrophages that
devour foreign substances
15
Organs of the Lymphatic System
Organs of the Lymphatic System
Spleen
-largest
lymphatic
organ
-located in upper left
portion of the
abdominal cavity
-filters foreign material
from the blood
-destroys old red blood
cells
-activates lymphocytes
Thymus Gland
-soft
gland with two
lobes
-larger during infancy
and childhood
-contains important cells
called thymocytes
-T cells - lymphocytes
provide immunity
-thymosin aids with T
cell movement
16
Combining Forms &
Combining Form
Meaning
Abbreviations
(aden)
gland
aden (o)
immun (o)
lymph (o)
immunity
lymph
lymphaden (o)
lymph nodes
lymphangi (o)
lymphatic vessels
splen (o)
thym (o)
tox (o)
spleen
thymus
poison
17
Pathological
Terms
Diseases of the lymph and immune system that
flourish are those diseases which suppress the
immune response.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is
the most widespread immunosuppresive disease.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
•A type of lymph cancer that appears in early
adulthood and the cause or origin is uncertain
•Involves the lymph nodes and spleen
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
•A type of cancer of the lymph nodes in which
some of the cells resemble healthy cells
•Usually appears during mid-life
•Malignant cells resemble large lymphocytes
18
Non-malignant Diseases
Non-malignant Diseases
Sarcoidosis
•Inflammatory condition that can affect lung
functioning
Infectious Mononucleosis
•Also called the kissing disease
•An acute infectious disease
caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
•Swollen lymph nodes are a
common symptom
19
Allergy Facts
Allergy Facts
•Allergies are due to the production of the IgE
antibodies against an allergen
•Hypersensitivity increases as exposure
increases
•Anaphylaxis may occur which is life-threatening
if the allergy is severe
Autoimmune Diseases
•Conditions in which the body’s immune system turns
against its own healthy tissue
Examples
Lupus, Scleroderma & Rheumatoid Arthritis
20
CT Scans are used frequently to
diagnose abnormalities of the
lymph organs
Blood tests that indicate the
number and condition of the white
blood cells are used in diagnosing
lymph and immune system diseases
21
Surgical Terms
Cancer of the lymph system may require
a lymph-node dissection.
•lymph-node dissection removal of a lymph node
•lymphadenotomy
-incision into a lymph node
•splenectomy
-removal of the spleen
•thymectomy
-removal of the thymus gland
22
What’s Next?