Transcript CH-9 Lecture - Horizon Medical Institute

Lecture Notes
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems, Sixth
Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
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Blood, Lymph,
Immune Systems
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure
•Blood
• Composed of a liquid
called plasma and solid
components of cells
• Three main types of
cells: erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and
platelets
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Function
• Blood
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.
• Removes CO2 and metabolic waste products
from cells.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure
• Lymphatic system
• Lymph nodes
• Lymph vessels and
lymph fluid
• Tonsils, thymus, and
spleen.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Function
• Lymphatic System
• Network of vessels that depends on pumping
action of the heart to circulate its substances
throughout the body.
• Defends the body against disease-causing
agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancerous
cells.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Structure and Function Exercise
Q: What are the three main elements in blood?
A: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Q: What is the main function of leukocytes?
A: Provides body defense against infection and aids in tissue
repair.
Q: What is the main function of platelets (thrombocytes)?
A: Initiates blood clotting when injuries occur.
Q: What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
A: Transports excess fluid from interstitial spaces in tissues and
returns it to the blood.
Q: Besides circulating lymphatic substances, what is another
primary function of the lymphatic system?
A: Defends the body against foreign invaders and harmful agents.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Leukemia
Signs and Symptoms
• Proliferation of white blood cells in
circulation.
• Fatigue, malaise, easy bruising, and
exercise intolerance.
• Some chronic forms are
asymptomatic.
• Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Leukemia
Treatment
• Depends on type and stage of leukemia.
• Variety of chemotherapeutic agents.
• Bone marrow transplants.
• Blood transfusions.
• Stem cell transplantation.
• Use of antibiotics to prevent secondary
infection.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mrs. J is diagnosed with leukemia and asks the nurse to
explain this disease.
A: Nurse explains it is a malignancy of blood-forming cells of
the bone marrow.
Q: Mary presents with complaints of fatigue, bruising, and
tiring easily during exercise. While examining Mary, the
physician discovers an enlargement of the liver and charts
her Dx as ________________.
A: hepatomegaly
Q: Mr. Z is diagnosed with leukemia and his blood test
reveals a low white blood cell count. The physician advises
him to undergo an infusion of blood to ward off possibility
of infection. This infusion is known as a blood (collection,
purifier, transfusion).
A: transfusion
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
(continued)
Q: The physician charts his findings of an
enlarged spleen as _____________.
A: splenomegaly
Q: John R suffers from leukemia and presents
to the hospital for a bone marrow transplant.
The procedure will reinfuse John’s own bone
marrow and is known as a/an (autologous,
cadaveric, indirect) transfusion.
A: autologous
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Lymphedema
Signs and Symptoms
• Abnormal accumulation of lymph,
usually in the extremities.
• Symptoms eventually include pallor,
weakness, lymph node enlargement,
fatigue, fever, and weight loss.
• As disease progresses, tachycardia,
palpitations, and an increased
incidence of infections are common.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Lymphedema
Treatment
• When a person exhibits signs or symptoms
or has anemia or thrombocytopenia,
treatment with chemotherapy is usually
initiated.
• Radiation therapy or corticosteroids may also
be tried.
• Complications such as anemia, hemorrhage,
or secondary infections must be treated
promptly.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mr. G presents with swelling and excessive accumulation of lymph in his
right leg. The physician diagnoses this condition as (lymphoma,
lymphomegaly, lymphedema).
A: lymphedema
Q: Dr. J detects lymphedema as he examines Mrs. L after her surgery. Dr. J
explains that this condition is due to a blockage in the lymphatic system
which prevents drainage of lymph fluid. It is also a common complication
following removal of the breast, a surgical procedure called _______.
A: mastectomy
Q: The patient has a history of lymphedema and presents with a swollen, red
area of skin that feels hot and tender in the right arm. The physician
diagnoses this as skin infection, which is called (cellulitis, hepatitis,
lymphadenitis).
A: cellulitis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Kaposi Sarcoma
Signs and Symptoms
• Purplish brown
papules or plaques
on skin and mucous
membranes.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Kaposi Sarcoma
Signs and Symptoms (continued)
• First appear on lower extremities but
spread to upper body, face, mucous
membranes of throat, and internal
organs.
• Closely associated with HIV infection
and is considered an “AIDS-defining
condition.”
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Kaposi Sarcoma
Signs and Symptoms (continued)
Treatment
• Depends on stage of HIV infection and
degree of metastasis.
• Common treatment modalities include
radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
surgery, and immunotherapy.
• Palliative treatment and good oral
hygiene are essential.
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: John is diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and asks
the medical assistant to explain this disease.
A: He explains it’s a malignancy of connective tissues,
especially the tissue found under the skin, mucous
membranes, and in the lining of lymph vessels;
usually associated with HIV.
Q: Mr. M is scheduled for a treatment that uses natural
immune substances produced in a laboratory that are
administered to destroy cancer cells. This type of
treatment is charted as (hormone therapy,
chemotherapy, immunotherapy).
A: immunotherapy
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
(continued)
Q: Mr. Z with a history of HIV+ presents with purplish
brown papules on both arms and legs. The doctor
suspects he has a CA that is associated with AIDs. This
type of cancer is known as Kaposi ____________.
A: sarcoma
Q: A recent liver transplant patient presents with purplish
brown discoloration on her face. The doctor explains she
may have a cancer caused from the drugs she is taking to
prevent her liver from being rejected by her body. The
drugs she is taking to suppress her immune system and
prevent organ rejection are known as (hormone therapy,
chemotherapy, immunosuppressives).
A: immunosuppressives
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical Vocabulary
• anemia
• anticoagulants
• antigen
• erythrocytes
• hematologist
• hematopoiesis
• hemophilia
• hemostasis
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical Vocabulary
(continued)
• immunodeficiency
• lymphangioma
• lymphocytes
• lymphoma
• macrocyte
• mononucleosis
• oncology
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical Vocabulary
(continued)
• pathogen
• pernicious
• phagocyte
• Pneumocystis
• thalassemia
• thrombocytes
• transfusion
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diagnostic Procedures
• Bone marrow
aspiration
• Bone marrow fluid is
withdrawn for
microscopic
evaluation (usually
from pelvic bone
and rarely the
sternum)
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Diagnostic Procedures
(continued)
• ELISA
• Western blot
• Tissue typing
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Word Building Exercise
Q: Disease of a lymph gland:
A: lymphadenopathy
Q: Tumor of lymph that is fleshy (cancerous):
A: lymphosarcoma
Q: Study of serum:
A: serology
Q: Process of recording lymph vessel(s):
A: lymphangiography
Q: Process of recording lymph gland(s):
A: lymphadenography
Q: Cell that is red (red blood cell):
A: erythrocyte
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Blood transfusion
• Bone marrow transplant
• Lymphangiectomy
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: An MRI reveals a lymphangioma. The physician explains that the tumor needs to be
excised. The term for excision of a lymph vessel is __________________.
A: lymphangiectomy
Q: Tom is diagnosed with leukemia and referred to a specialist in blood cell diseases. She
prescribes a chemotherapy regimen. A physician who specializes in treatment of blood
disorders is called a _____________________.
A: hematologist
Q: Bill is diagnosed with leukemia. His physician recommends irradiation and
chemotherapy of the bone marrow followed by replacement of healthy blood cells. This
type of treatment is called (bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow
transplant).
A: bone marrow transplant
Q: Jason undergoes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that reveals a tumor composed of
lymph vessels. This tumor is known as a ______________________.
A: lymphangioma
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Pharmacology
• Anticoagulants
• Immunizations
• Immunosuppressants
• Thrombolytics
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BLOOD, LYMPH, AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Clinically Related Exercise
Q: Mr. B is diagnosed with a thrombus. To dissolve the blood clot the doctor
prescribes a/an (immunization, immunosuppressant, thrombolytic).
A: thrombolytic
Q: To prevent the formation of a postsurgical blood clot, the physician
prescribes a/an (anticoagulant, immunization, immunosuppressant).
A: anticoagulant
Q: To prevent rejection of Mary’s recently transplanted kidney, the physician
prescribed a/an (anticoagulant, immunosuppressant, thrombolytic).
A: immunosuppressant
Q: The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends vaccination of
immune globulins to induce immunity to certain infectious diseases. These
vaccinations are known as (anticoagulants, immunizations,
immunosuppressants)
A: immunizations
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