Transcript Past Perfect Continuous

Unit 3 – Presentation 1
• What is a Tense?
“a way people came up with in an effort to describe
human experience through time in such a manner as
to be meaningful to the listener/ reader”
• How many Tenses are there?
Strictly speaking, 2 (the Present Simple & the Past
Simple) but we can form 10 more, which gives us the
overall 12-tense system in English.
Tense Formation Rules
When you hear:
it means there is:
Future
Perfect
will + infinitive
have + verb + ed
OR
have + 3rd Col. Irr.
Continuous
be + verb + ing
Notes on Tense Formation 1
Simple: habit, completion, a
generally held fact, a permanent
state, repetition
Notes on Tense Formation 2
Continuous: duration, incompleteness, changing or temporary
situation, progress at or around
the time of speaking
Notes on Tense Formation 3
Present: helping verbs conjugated in the
present tense
Past: helping verbs conjugated in the past
tense
Perfect= “complete(d)”, therefore, simple
perfect tenses describe actions finished at
the time stated by the first constituent of
their names
REMINDERS
• Simple & Continuous = opposite
• The Perfect Continuous tenses = the most
difficult to grasp & use because Greek does
not have counterparts
• The Perfect tenses link time points and
are therefore not on the time lines
SIMPLE
FAR
PAST
PAST
Past Perfect Simple
Past Simple
Present Perfect Simple
Present Simple
PRESENT
FUTURE
Future Perfect Simple
Future Simple
Completion, repetition,
habitual routine,
statement of fact,
permanent states
CONTINUOUS
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
Present Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous
Incomplete actions, progress,
stressing duration, changing
situations, temporary nature
The 2 Present Tenses (A)
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Routines.
1. One action in progress at the
time of speaking.
e.g. They have a picnic every e.g. (Speaking on the phone:) Hi,
Sunday. They usually have picnics dear. We’re having a picnic at the
in the local park.
park.
2. Permanent states.
2. Temporary situations.
e.g. I work as a radio producer e.g. This week I’m working double
only for 4 hours a day.
shift because a colleague is off
sick.
3. Generally accepted facts/ 3. Changing situations.
natural phenomena.
e.g. New, advanced motorways e.g. Architecture is advancing at
make it easier for people to phenomenal rates.
travel more.
The 2 Present Tenses (B)
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
4. Oral narrative/ historical present
(jokes, personal stories, plots, sports
commentaries,
procedures,
newspaper headlines, exclamations).
e.g. Well, I’m at the office and
there comes this gorgeous assistant
and tells me he needs some
guidance.
4. Oral narrative supplement, setting
the scene and stressing duration.
e.g. So, I’m sitting quietly at home,
listening to music and thinking of
what to wear to the party, when
there’s a knock on the door and it’s
the postman. He delivers an
unsigned note and … guess what! It
turns out it’s the letter …
5. Habitual actions (esp. with 5. An irritating,
interesting,
Frequency Adverbs).
unbearable, etc. habitual action,
e.g. Kids like to act so we often with always, forever, constantly,
stage plays at the school.
continually, continuously.
e.g. She’s always acting! I can’t
stand her.
The 2 Present Tenses (C)
SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
6.
Future
Use:
Actions
programmed by an external
authority (timetables).
e.g. The fashion show opens
tomorrow.
6. Future Use: Pre-arranged
personal
plan/
appointments
(diary tense).
e.g. I’m going to the fashion show
tomorrow.
Time Expressions:
Time Expressions:
every …, on Mondays, etc., at
weekends, Frequency Adverbs,
hardly ever, three, … times/
once/ twice a week/ month/…, in
winter,
…,
future
time
expressions.
(right) now, at the moment, at
present, currently, nowadays,
these days, still, this week/
month,
…,
future
time
expressions.
The 2 Past Tenses (A)
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
1. Routines/ Habitual actions in the
past. (Imperfect use 1)
e.g. When their son was young, they
had a picnic every Sunday. They
usually had picnics in the local park.
1. One action in progress at or
around a certain point in the past.
e.g. (Showing pictures to a friend:)
And this is last Sunday’s. We were
having a picnic in the park .
2. Permanent states in the past. 2. Temporary situations in the past.
(Imperfect use 2)
e.g. I was working rather too hard
e.g. I worked as a radio producer then because I needed the money.
back then.
3. An action completed at a specific
time point in the past.
e.g. Work on the new motorway
finished last week.
3. An incomplete action that had a
certain duration in the past.
e.g. They were still working on the
new skyscraper last week.
The 2 Past Tenses (B)
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
4. Formal narrative/ main events/
historical facts.
e.g. And when night came, the
spirit ventured out, true to its
tradition. It was eerie as it simply
hovered there for everyone to
see.
4. Formal narrative supplement,
setting the scene and stressing
duration. (Temporal Frame)
e.g. It was a sultry autumn
evening. Nothing was moving and
it felt as if the wind itself was
standing still in anticipation of
the sighting.
5. Complete, successive past
actions.
e.g. The teacher got in, took hold
of her marker and started writing
examples on the board.
5. Simultaneous progress for 2 or
more past actions.
e.g. While the teacher was
writing examples, one of my
classmates was sleeping.
The 2 Past Tenses (C)
SIMPLE PAST
PAST CONTINUOUS
6. Past for Present: when
attempting to sound polite(r),
ironic, etc.
e.g. Excuse me, Miss, did you
want to see me?
6. Past for Present: when
attempting to sound polite(r),
ironic, etc,
e.g. I was wondering whether I
could ask for a small favour.
Time Expressions:
Time Expressions:
yesterday, when, then, last …, still, at the time, then, ago,
years (in 2003), ago, as, every …, yesterday, last …, years (in 2003),
on Mondays, etc., at weekends, when, while, as, all … .
Frequency Adverbs, three, …
times/ once/ twice a week/
month/…, in winter, …, just now.
The 2 Present Perfect Tenses (A)
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
1. State begun in the past and
still going on (state verbs use).
e.g. They have known each other
for years. They’ve been together
since primary school.
1. Action begun in the past and
still going on (linking past to
present – triple information).
e.g. She has been sitting there,
listening to music all morning.
2. Completed past action with
obvious results now (interest in
the result itself and/ or the
quantity – how much/ how many
times).
e.g. They have bought lots of
stuff for the party.
2. Long action which began in the
past, has just finished and has
obvious results now (interest in
the action that produced the
result and/ or the duration).
e.g. I’ve been cooking all day but
looking at this dish, it was
definitely worth it.
The 2 Present Perfect Tenses (B)
PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
3. Action completed in the past at 3.
an unspecified time point (recent
indefinite) OR that has(n’t)
happened
throughout
one’s
lifetime (experience).
e.g. I have found this old violin in
the attic. I have never played the
violin. Have you?
4.
X
X
4. Stating annoyance, interest,
complaint, puzzlement.
e.g. I’ve been waiting for my
order for 4 minutes!
The 2 Present Perfect Tenses (C)
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
6. NOTE ON THE PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE: Use the Present Perfect
Simple to announce a recent event
and Past tenses to give the details.
e.g. ‘Have you heard? Miriam has
come into a neat sum’. ‘Really,
how?’ ‘Well, she had that great
uncle, who had no heirs, and she was
living with him at the time of his
death.’
6. NOTE ON THE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS: Use the Present
Perfect Continuous rather than
Present Tenses when the information
extends into the past.
e.g. (COMPARE:) He’s collecting rare
coins these days. In fact, he’s been
collecting them for quite some time.
Time Expressions:
Time Expressions:
for, (ever) since, ever, never,
always, yet, still (for emphasis), for, (ever) since, recently, lately, all
just, already, recently, lately, so …, how long
far, how long, before
The 2 Past Perfect Tenses (A)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
1. State begun in the far past (i.e. 1. Action that began in the far
BEFORE sth else) and reaching the past (i.e. BEFORE sth else), had a
past (state verbs use).
certain duration and was still
going on in the past (linking far
past to past – triple information)
e.g. We had known each other for
years. If it hadn’t been for that
ugly incident, we’d still be the
best of friends.
e.g. I dropped in to see her this
morning and found her sitting in
the garden. Apparently, she had
been sitting there, listening to
music for the better part of the
morning.
The 2 Past Perfect Tenses (B)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
2. Action completed in the far
past with obvious results in the
past (interest in the result itself
and/ or the quantity – how much/
how many times).
2. Long action which began in the
far past, had just finished in the
past and had obvious results then
(interest in the action that
produced the result and/ or the
duration).
e.g. She’d been cooking all day
but when she served the dinner,
we all felt it had been
worthwhile.
e.g. When I saw Willie, he was
with his friend Tom. They’d been
to the supermarket, had bought
all the necessary supplies and
were on their way home.
The 2 Past Perfect Tenses (C)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT CONT.
3. In Reported Speech, replacing the
Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
e.g. ‘I’ve found this old violin in the
attic,’ she said. She announced that
she’d found an old violin in the
attic.
3. In Reported Speech, replacing the
Present Perfect or Past Continuous.
e.g. Last Monday I heard on the news
that fierce blizzards had been
sweeping across the country since
10.00 am that day.
NOTE ON THE PAST PERFECT
SIMPLE: In Greek, as in English, we
tend to use the Simple Past rather
than the Past Perfect when the order
of events is clear from the time
expressions used.
e.g. He came before it was time to
leave, so we didn’t have to wait for
him.
NOTE ON THE PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS: Past Perfect Cont. is
translated with the Imperfect tense
in Greek, like Past Cont. and Present
Perfect Cont., so careful not to
confuse them. e.g. When I arrived,
they were still preparing lunch and
had been doing so for 2 hours. I have
been meaning to ask them who they
thought they’d be lunching with!
The 2 Past Perfect Tenses (D)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Time Expressions:
Time Expressions:
for, (ever) since, ever, never, for, (ever) since, all …, how long,
always, yet, still (for emphasis), before, when, by… .
just, already, how long, before,
after, when, by… .
The 7 Future Tenses (A)
1. Present Simple
a) Timetables
2. Present Continuous
a) Pre-arranged
personal plan
b) In certain Clauses
b) In certain Clauses
3. Future Simple
4. ‘Going to’ Future
a) Personal
Intention a) Personal
Intention
(on-the-spot
(Pre-meditated)
decision)
b) Prediction
b) Prediction (based on
(unspecified–wishful
evidence)
thinking)
c) Future as fact
-----d) Special uses of ‘will’
------
The 7 Future Tenses (B)
5. Future Continuous
6. Future Perfect Cont.
a) Part of future plan
a) Action in progress
b) Sth that will happen
for some time before
as a matter of
sth else in the future
course
c) Action in progress
at, or around, a
future time point
d) Asking about sb’s
future plans because
we need a favour
7. Future Perfect Simple
a) Action completed before sth else in the future
I) The Greek ‘Imperfect’ Tense (A)
• A tense that does not exist in English. It is rendered by 6
different tenses/ forms, under the following conditions:
1. Simple Past for routines, habitual, repeated actions or
permanent past states.
2. Used to + infinitive for past habits or states that are no
longer true.
3. Would + infinitive for an occasional past action/ habit
(that the speaker now misses).
• These three ‘Imperfect tenses’ show repetition & habit &
are used interchangeably except for ‘would’ that CANNOT
be used for states!
I) The Greek ‘Imperfect’ Tense (B)
4. Past Continuous for a single action that was in progress at
a specific time-point in the past or which had a certain
duration.
5. Present Perfect Continuous for a long action which began
in the past, has just finished and has obvious results now.
6. Past Perfect Continuous for a long action which began in
the far past, had just finished in the past and had obvious
results then.
• These three ‘Imperfect tenses’ are for a single action of
duration, NOT for habits, routines, states!
IΙ) The 3 Perfect Continuous Tenses
Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous & Future
Perfect Continuous: the three singularly most difficult tenses
to grasp and use because there are no equivalent tenses in
Greek. Remember that all three express the same notion,
which is:
there has been/ there had been/ there will be + such and such
time + that sb has been/ had been/ will have been doing
sth
(έχω/ είχα/ θα έχω + τόσον καιρό + που κάνω κτ)
IΙI) Frequency Adverbs
The words that show how often something happens and are
therefore only used with Simple Tenses (with exceptions!)
ever/
never
0%
rarely/
seldom
/ hardly
ever
25%
occasionally frequently/ normally/
/ sometimes often
usually
35%
50%
75%
regularly always
85%
100%
Mid position, i.e. after the first auxiliary/ modal verb and
before the main verb.
EXCEPTIONS?
IV) State Verbs (A)
Verbs denoting states rather than processes or actions and lack
the dynamic that would enable them to be used in Continuous
tenses, which is why they are ONLY USED WITH SIMPLE TENSES.
Normally they are categorised as follows:
• 1) VERBS OF PERCEPTION (+ others with related meaning):
see, hear, feel, smell, taste, notice, observe, look, seem,
appear, overhear, sound.
• 2) VERBS OF POSSESSION: have, possess, own, belong,
afford.
• 3) VERBS OF LIKE & DISLIKE: love, hate, like, dislike, enjoy,
despise, adore, detest, fancy, loathe, prefer, can’t stand/
bear, (I don’t) mind.
• 4) VERBS OF DESIRE: desire, wish, want, hope, need.
V) State Verbs (B)
• 5) COGNITIVE VERBS: remember, recall/ recollect, forget,
regret, forgive, know, recognise, understand/ realise.
• 6) VERBS OF OPINION & CONVICTION: think, believe,
reckon, agree, suppose, imagine, expect, doubt, mean,
trust, refuse, consider/ regard, guess, suspect, fear.
• 7) MISCELLANEOUS: apply, be, fit, include, contain, matter,
cost, owe, amount to, measure, weigh, find, depend (on),
resemble, differ, consist (of), deserve, hold, accommodate.
Exceptions
Sometimes, they are used as action verbs and then, if
necessary, they can be in Continuous forms. They also usually
have a different meaning when this happens.
V) State Verbs (C) i
Exceptions
• You have been seeing a lot of Jack recently, haven’t you?
(meet, go out with/ συναντώ, βγαίνω με)
• I’ve been hearing rumours about you two, you know.
(learn/ μαθαίνω)
• I could hear him as he was feeling his way through the
darkness. (search by touching/ ψηλαφίζω)
• Look at the dog; what’s it smelling the air like that for?
(perceive by smell/ οσφραίνομαι, μυρίζω)
• Our new chef is always tasting the dishes he prepares.
(sample/ γεύομαι, δοκιμάζω)
• She’s appearing live tonight, I think. (make an appearance/
εμφανίζομαι)
V) State Verbs (C) ii
Exceptions (cont’d)
• The school bus is here and the children are still having
breakfast. (take, eat/ παίρνω/ τρώω)
• I can’t begin to tell you how I’m loving my stay here.
(coll.: greatly enjoy/ «τη βρίσκω με»)
• Are you enjoying the trip, kids? (experience pleasure/
χαίρομαι κτ, το διασκεδάζω)
• She’s hoping for a quick closure. (depend on, expect/
βασίζομαι σε, περιμένω πως και πως)
• I’m sorry but I’m forgetting your name. (slip one’s mind/
μου διαφεύγει)
• It’s a funny feeling to be realising your childhood dreams.
(make come true/ πραγματοποιώ)
V) State Verbs (C) iii
Exceptions (cont’d)
• What are you thinking about? (consider, go through the
mind/ σκέφτομαι)
• We’ve been expecting you for hours! Where have you been?
(wait for/ περιμένω)
• Are you doubting me by any chance? (to question sb‘s
words]/ αμφισβητώ κπ/ τα λόγια κπ)
• It’s not as if we hadn’t been meaning to tell you.
(intend/ σκοπεύω)
• They are considering relocating to bigger premises.
(think about/ σκέφτομαι)
• Are you applying for the post then? (formally request/
αιτώ)
V) State Verbs (C) iv
Exceptions (cont’d)
• Stop that! You are being impossible! (exhibit a temporary
attitude/ γίνομαι
• They are fitting new locks tomorrow so make sure you get a
key. (equip, install/ εξοπλίζω, τοποθετώ)
• Are they measuring the floor today? Shall I move the
furniture? (find out the exact size/ μετρώ)
• Oh, God! He’s weighing the dog again! (find out the exact
weight/ ζυγίζω)
• You are depending on them for everything, aren’t you?
(need, count on/ βασίζομαι)
• He was holding something red this morning but I didn’t pay
attention. (have in my hands/ κρατώ)
IV) When/ If/ Wh-Relatives & -ever Clauses
•
•
•
•
IN
TIME CLAUSES (when, while, as soon as, until, etc),
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (if, unless, as/ so long as, etc),
RELATIVE CLAUSES (who, which, that, etc) &
INTENSIVE -EVER CLAUSES (whoever, whichever, whatever,
wherever, etc)
we don’t use will/ would.
• Instead, we use Present Simple for future & Past Simple for
past reference.
• Especially in Time Clauses, we can use Present & Past
Perfect respectively.
THIS RULE DOES NOT APPLY IN NOUN CLAUSES!
VΙ) Other Ways to Express Future I
Apart from the seven future forms, there are certain set
expressions with the verb ‘be’, and individual verbs that,
though in the present or present perfect forms themselves,
refer to future time.
• EXPRESSIONS WITH ‘BE’
Be to = for arrangements
Be about to (do)
Be on the point of (doing)
Be due to
Be set to
Be likely that/ to
Be possible that
Be bound/ sure/ certain that/ to
VΙ) Other Ways to Express Future II
• INDIVIDUAL VERBS
I’m planning to (do)/ on (doing)
I’m thinking of/ considering (doing)
I intend/ mean to (do)
I have arranged to (do)
I have decided to (do)
• OTHER CASES
Modal Verbs & other defective forms (like: had better,
would rather)
• Shall is nowadays found only in the question forms: shall I
…? for offers & shall we …? for suggestions OR both to ask
for suggestions/ instructions. In very formal writing (e.g.
legal papers) also in the affirmative with other person
references.
VΙ) Other Ways to Express Future III
• FUTURE IN THE PAST
The four mainstream Future Tenses change ‘will’ to
‘would’ (Conditional Future) while all expressions
with ‘be’ become ‘was’/ ‘were’ + set expression.
What they all have in common is uncertainty as
to the result.
e.g. He was just about to leave the house when he
noticed he wasn’t holding anything in his hands.
He was to pick me up at 7.00. I don’t know why
he hasn’t shown up yet.
VII) Present Perfect Simple – Special Constructions
• The Verb ‘Have been/ gone’ (to)
i) Have been (to) = have visited (now I’m back)
ii) Have gone (to) = have left (for) (I’m on the way
there OR there already)
• It is/ has been + time phrase + since + S. Past
e.g. It’s three years since I saw my cousins ALSO
I haven’t seen my cousins for three years.
VII) Present Perfect Simple – Special Constructions
• After Superlatives
e.g. It’s the best meal I’ve had in years!
• After the phrase: it’s the first/ second/ etc time
e.g. It’s the second time I’ve driven a van. (switch!)
• Negatives with ‘yet’/ ‘still’
e.g. We haven’t seen anyone yet. (‘yet’ normally
comes at the end of a negative ‘perfect’
sentence) BUT
- We’ve yet to see someone!
- We still haven’t seen anyone! (Both emphatic)
VIII) Time Markers
Certain expressions are shared among tenses, e.g.
‘for’ is used with nearly all the tenses, except the
Present. There are, however, certain time
expressions that unmistakably point at particular
tenses:
• ago = only Past
• how long/ since = mainly with Perfect tenses
• frequency adverbs = only Simple (exc. ‘always’)
• all …/ this time … = only Continuous (exc. with
‘state verbs’)