Transcript Russian Declension and Conjugation

Russian Declension and
Conjugation
Chapter 7: Verbal Adjectives and
Verbal Adverbs
Just in case you were wondering…
• “Verbal adjectives” are PARTICIPLES
– Imperfective:
• present active (ведущий) & present passive
(просимый)
– Perfective:
• past active (can be imperfective; живший,
выпивший) & past passive (вымытый)
• “Verbal adverbs” are GERUNDS
– Imperfective > present (прося)
– Perfective > past (сняв)
A note on reflexives
• For reflexive verbs, always add –ся to a
participle, and always add –сь to a gerund
• For past gerunds, this means that you
have to have –vši (no truncation of –vši to
–v): улыбнувшись
A handy reference!
• Look at the back cover of the Townsend
book!
• It has tables showing the distribution of the
past passive participle and the past active
participle formants!
• You might want to memorize these tables!
(Or at least become very good friends with
them!)
Present Formants
• Present Active Participles: I conjugation
adds -ušč-, II conjugation adds -ašč• Present Passive Participles: I conjugation
adds -om-, II conjugation adds -im- (limited
to certain suffixed types: AJ, VAJ, OVA, I,
E, h-A)
• Present Gerund: -a
Present stress
• For the present participles and gerund:
– Stress on stem if non-past has fixed stem
stress, otherwise, stress on vowel of formant
– Except: Stress on stem if the non-past has
shifting stress
• An easier rule: It’s usually on the formant,
but if the verb has non-past shifting stress,
it’s on the stem
Past formants
• Past Active Participle and Gerund: -š(-) for
obstruent stems, R, (NU) [occasional
truncation of stem consonant instead, o>e
in D/T stems], -vš(-/i) for all others
• Stress is same as masculine past, but
cannot be on prefix (except R verbs, that
can have stressed prefix)
• Perfective motion verbs can have past
gerund in –a instead of -vši
PPP
• -t- for resonants, NU, (NU), O
• -on- for obstruents, I, E (j-mutation)
• -n- for others (no j-mutation for A verbs)
Mnemonic device: You add an obstruent (t)
to resonant stems, and a resonant (n) to
obstruents
Note this deviation:
• Levin says that E verbs have the –onPPP formant, and states that V+V
mutation is regular, but “occasional”
• Townsend says that E verbs have the –nformant, and notes that C mutation in the
PPP is rare for these verbs
• The vowel before the n in these PPPs
almost never bears stress, so it is hard to
decide which one it is anyway…
Stress on the PPP
• Long forms for suffixed stems:
– -t-, -n-: if stress is on suffix (fixed or shifting) in
base form, it retracts one syllable, otherwise
stress remains where it is in base form
– -on-: if non-past has shifting stress, stress
retracts one syllable, otherwise same as base
form
• Long forms for unsuffixed stems:
– -t-, -on-: same syllable as past tense (nonfeminine)
Stress on the PPP, cont’d.
• Suffixed verbs:
– -t-, -n-: same stress as long form
• Both suffixed and unsuffixed verbs:
– Stressed –on- in long form means ending
stress for all short forms
• Unsuffixed verbs:
– -t-: if past has shifting stress, so does short
PPP