Transcript Grammatica Inglese Approfondimenti

Grammatica Inglese
Approfondimenti
Università degli Studi Roma Tre
Facoltà di Scienze Politiche
Anno Accademico 2012-2013
Marianna D’Ezio
Topics
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Verb Tenses
Auxiliary Verbs
Conditionals
Question Tags
Duration Form (for and since)
Some and any
Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, reflexive, indefinite,
interrogative, relative)
Passive Voice
Comparatives and Superlatives
Adverbs (place, manner, time, degree)
Modal Verbs (shall, must, will, should, would, can, could, may,
might)
Short Answers
Idioms
Phrasal Verbs
VERB TENSES
• SIMPLE TENSES
(simple present, simple past, future with will and going
to)
• CONTINUOUS TENSES (or PROGRESSIVE)
(present continuous, past continuous, future continuous)
• PERFECT TENSES
(present perfect, past perfect, future perfect)
• PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
(present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous,
future perfect continuous)
SIMPLE TENSES
• SIMPLE PRESENT (habits, repetitive actions)
Ex. The sun rises in the East.
• SIMPLE PAST (specific moment in the past)
Ex. An earthquake destroyed Lisbon in 1755.
• FUTURE (using will or going to – specific moment
in the future)
Ex. After the elections, the US President will live in
the White House.
Ex. I am going to study all night.
CONTINUOUS TENSES
• PRESENT CONTINUOUS (action in progress)
Ex. They’re walking to school at the moment.
• PAST CONTINUOUS (action in progress + another
action in the past)
Ex. They were walking to school when we saw
them.
• FUTURE CONTINUOUS (action in progress +
another action in the future)
Ex. They will already be walking to school when we
wake up.
PERFECT TENSES
• PRESENT PERFECT (action started in the past and still
important in the present; adverbs such as just, already,
etc.)
Ex. She has forgotten the keys!
Ex. We have just arrived.
• PAST PERFECT (Italian trapassato)
Ex. I had already finished my homework when my
parents arrived home.
• FUTURE PERFECT (Italian futuro anteriore)
Ex. I will have already finished my homework by the time
my parents arrive home.
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
• PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (perfect +
continuous)
Ex. Julian has been working for* several hours.
• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS (perfect +
continuous)
Ex. She had been cooking for us for two hours.
• FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (perfect +
continuous)
Ex. She will have been cooking for us for two hours.
*FOR and SINCE
• PERFECT tenses
• FOR => duration of the action
Ex. I have been waiting for you for 3 hours!
• SINCE => beginning of the action
Ex. I have been waiting for you since 2 o’clock!
Present Perfect or Simple Past?
Yvonne Wood is a well-known novelist. She
_______________ (write) fifteen novels and
_______________ (receive) two national awards.
She ____________ (start) writing when she
___________ (be) only thirteen. At the age of
fifteen she ___________ (win) a competition for
the best short story. Since then, Yvonne
___________ (never, stop) writing. In 1996 one of
her novels, Summer in India, ___________
(become) a film. Two years later a theatre director
__________ (make) it into a very popular musical.
After this huge success Yvonne _________
(become) very rich. She owns a fabulous flat in
Kensington where she ___________ (live) for three
years.
CONDITIONALS
• ZERO CONDITIONAL
Ex. If you drink and drive, you are breaking the law.
• FIRST CONDITIONAL
Ex. If we have time later, we’ll play tennis.
• SECOND CONDITIONAL
Ex. If he won the lottery, Mark said that he would
buy a new car.
• THIRD CONDITIONAL
Ex. I could have lied, if it had been necessary.
• MIXED CONDITIONAL
Ex. I would be in Australia now, if I had accepted
that position.
Conditionals
Change the sentences using conditionals
1. I would go to the theatre, but I don’t have anyone
to go with.
2. Daniel would study Russian, but he can’t find a
Russian teacher.
3. Ali’s English will improve, but he has to practise.
4. Carol will catch the bus, but she has to leave now.
5. She was very worried because her boyfriend hadn’t
phoned.
6. The train was two hours late and Sarah was late for
her interview.
QUESTION TAGS
• affirmative => negative
• auxiliary verbs
• ↗ (question) ↘ (confirm)
Examples:
- Sally isn’t at home, is she?
- You went to the supermarket, didn’t you?
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You never play chess, do you?
So you think you’re funny, do you?! (irritation)
Come with me, won’t you? (translation?)
Don’t go there, will you? (translation?)
Let’s go there, shall we? (translation?)
No one would play in the rain, would they?
Question Tags
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Harry has been helping you, ___________ ?
You don’t eat meat, ___________ ?
Paul was sleeping, ___________ ?
I missed a good film, ___________ ?
Jane is leaving in the morning, ___________ ?
We are going to win, ___________ ?
Jack hasn’t done his homework, ___________ ?
You weren’t having dinner, ___________ ?
David and Kate aren’t coming to the party,
___________ ?
10.Sue didn’t leave earlier, ___________ ?
MODAL VERBS: DOVERE
• MUST (simple present, feeling)
Ex. You must study, or you’ll fail.
• MUST (certain about sthing)
Ex. It must be 1 o’clock, I feel hungry!
• MUST (negative: prohibition)
Ex. You mustn’t smoke here.
• HAVE TO (sub. must for questions, past, future)
Ex. You will have to find another job soon.
• HAVE TO (present: external obligation)
Ex. In Britain you have to drive on the left-hand
side of the road.
MUST / HAVE TO
I’ve already done the shopping, so you don’t have
to go to the supermarket.
You mustn’t go to the supermarket: you have a
cold and it’ll only get worse if you go out!
• OUGHT TO (suggestion, advice from outside)
Readers ought to be silent in the library.
• SHOULD (suggestion, advice from personal
opinion)
You shouldn’t play videogames all day.
• BE SUPPOSED TO (task)
The secretary is supposed to email all the
participants.
• BE SUPPOSED TO (simple past: expectation)
I was supposed to go to the cinema yesterday, but I
couldn’t.
MODAL VERBS: POTERE
• CAN (“riuscire a”)
Ex. I can count from 1 to 100 in German.
• CAN (verbs expressing feelings and perception)
Ex. Speak louder, we can’t hear you!
• CAN (ask permission - informal)
Ex. Can I open the window?
• BE ABLE TO (sub. can for past and future tenses)
Ex. I’m sure I will be able to speak English well soon.
• COULD (unspecified past)
Ex. I could play the guitar when I was sixteen.
Ex. The burglars were able to / managed to break in
easily because we had forgotten to lock the door.
• MAY (permission - formal)
Ex. When you have finished the exam, you may go.
• MAY (uncertainty in the past)
Ex. They may/might have gone on vacation as I
haven’t seen them for a while.
MODAL VERBS: VOLERE
• TO WANT
Ex. Sammy wants to go to the beach.
Ex. Do you want me to help your sister?
• WISH
Ex. I wish I had an apartment in New York.
Ex. Lou wishes you had called him.
• WOULD LIKE (formal invitation)
Ex. Would you like to come with us?
Fill in the blanks
1. That was a long walk! You _____________ tired.
2. Sorry, I was away yesterday. I _____________ go to the
hospital.
3. Will you _____________ give me some help tomorrow?
4. Do you _____________ go now?
5. Peter _____________ ride a bike when he was 17.
6. Mary _____________ be in her bedroom, the light is on.
7. Students _____________ not leave their bicycles near
this door. It is forbidden.
8. We _____________ try very hard, but we succeeded in
the end.
9. Kate is only 6, but she _____________ swim very well.
10. Everyone _____________ be here at 8.30. Don’t be late!