Transcript GERUNDIVE AND GERUND

GERUNDIVE AND GERUND
GERUNDIVE
•
A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described as a future passive
participle) usually formed by adding –ndus, -a, -um to the base used in
forming the imperfect tense and present participle. In the third and fourth
conjugations, u can be used instead of e :
– amābat > amandus
docēbat > docendus
– regēbat > regendus (regundus) audiēbat > audiendus (audiundus)
•
Used for expressing necessity, with the person who needs to act put in the
Dative. With intransitive verbs, the neuter of the gerundive can be used
impersonally. The most natural English translation is usually in the active
voice:
– Nōbīs haec vocābula ēdiscenda sunt.
We have to learn these words by heart.
– Mihi theātrum relinquendum est. I have to leave the theatre.
– Nōbīs abeundum est. We have to go away.
•
Also used in noun phrases where English would prefer the (active) gerund
in –ing or two nouns:
– Dē castrīs dēfendendīs colloquāmur Let’s talk about defending the camp/the
defence of the camp.
GERUND
• A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the gerundive, but used in
the active sense. It is not used in the nominative or as the direct
object of a verb.
– Puella hospitēs cantandō dēlectābat.
The girl was delighting the guests by singing.
• Equivalent to the English –ing form of the verb when this is used as
a noun. In these cases, English grammar also calls the –ing form a
gerund but when it is used like an adjective it is called a present
participle
• Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the accusative in place
of a gerundive phrase but this tends to happen only when gerundive
and noun both have long endings (especially genitive plural):
– dē amīcīs dēfendendīs (with gerundive) is better than dē amīcōs
dēfendendō (with gerund)
– amīcōs dēfendendī causā (with gerund) is better than amīcōrum
dēfendendōrum causā (with gerundive)
Cato, quī saeculō secundō ante Chr. n. vīvēbat, in fīne
omnium orātiōnum eandem sententiam dīcēbat: `dēlenda
est Carthāgō.’
duodecim lineae discipulō improbō scrībendae sunt
dracō dormiēns nunquam est tītillandus
Quīntus male cantandō omnēs vēxābat.
Annō CCXVIII ante Christum nātum, Hannibal trāns Alpēs cum
elephantīs et mīlibus peditum contendendō Rōmānōs stupefēcit.
Brūtus et Cassius Caesare necandō bellum cīvīle effēcērunt.
(GERUNDIVE: `by Caesar being killed’).
Brūtus et Cassius Caesarem necandō bellum cīvīle effēcērunt.
(GERUND: `by killing Caesar’).
Horātius Rōmam ponte dēfendendō cōnservāvit
lēgātus equitātum ad hostēs sequendōs mīsit.
`ūnus homō nōbīs cunctandō restituit rem’
Gollus sē cum ānulō in igneās Montis Fātī
faucēs prōiciendō Dominum Ātrum dēlēvit.