Transcript Gerunds- verbal nouns

Gerunds- verbal nouns
Consider this sentence
• Discere est utilis- to learn is fun
or learning is fun
• The infinitive is functioning as a subject
• To put discere in any other case than the
nominative a gerund is used
Formation
• Add the ending – ndi to the stem of 1st, 2nd
and 3rd conjugation and
• Add the ending –endi to the stem of
4thconjugation and 3rd -io
Conjugation
Gerund in the
genitive
1st conjugation
Parandi
2nd conjugation
Tenendi
3rd conjugation
Colendi
4th conjugation
Audiendi
3rd io
capiendi
Then decline it like a neuter noun 2nd
declension
Case
Gerund
Translation
(Nominative)
(Discere)
To learn/ learning
Genitive
Discendi
Of learning
Dative
Discendo
For learning
Accusative
Discendum (used with ad)
Learning
Ablative
Discendo
By learning
Irregular Gerunds
• Eo, ire- eundi- of going
• Fero, ferre- ferendi- of carrying/bearing
Summary of Gerunds
• Form by adding- ndi to stem of 1/2/3 and –endi to stem of 4/ 3io
Irregular verb
Gerund in the gen
Eo, ire, ivi, itum
eundi
Fero, ferre, tuli, latum
ferendi
• Conjugate it like a 2nd conjugation neuter
• The nominative of the gerund is the infinitive- to verb/ verbing
Exercise 1 page 340
1. Animadverto, ere – to notice
animadvertendi- of noticing
2. Appropinquo, are- to approach
Appropinquandi- of approaching
3. Cerno, ere- to see, distinguish
Cernendi- of seeing
4. Clamo, are- to shout
Clamandi- of shouting
5. Fingo, fingere- to imagine, form in mind
Fingendi- of imagining
6. Impingo, ere- to strike, push
Impingendi- of pushing
7. infligo, infligere- to strike, inflict
infligendi- of striking
8. percutio, percutere-to strike through
percutiendi- of striking through
9. repello, repellere- to thrust back, push back
repellendi- of pushing back
10. rideo, ridere- to laugh, smile
ridendi- of laughing, smiling
11. veho, vehere- to drive, carry
vehendi- of driving, carrying
Uses of the gerund
• Genitive- the gerund is used with nouns or
adjetives that take the genitive
– Studiosus- eager for
• Eram discendi studiosus- I was found of learning
• Allen & Greenough's NEW LATIN GRAMMAR
504.
– The Genitive of the Gerund and Gerundive is used
after nouns or adjectives, either as subjective or
objective genitive:--
Dative
• Used to indicate the purpose of the action
– Quaero locum aedificando
• I am looking for a place for building
• ie: I am looking for a place to build
Accusative
• Usually accompanied by the preposition “ad”
indicates the purpose of the action
– Paratus sum ad pugnandum– I am ready for fighting
Ablative
• Used for means or instrument
– Discimus legendo
– We learn by reading
Exercise 3- Translate into English
1. Consilium cepi appropinquandi ad oppidum
I made a plan of approaching i.e. to approach
2. Postquam diu curcumivi, tandem inveni locum
descendendo
After I went around for a long time, I finally found a place for
descending.
3. Multi amici venerant ad spectandum.
Many friend had come to watch.
4. Apectando intellexi me esse in caelo cum sideribus
By watching I understood that I was in the sky with the stars.
Exercise 5
1. Multi sund studiosi caeli spectandi
Many people are fond of watching the sky.
Nicolaus erat studiosus speluncae investigandae
nicolas was fond of searching into the cave
Sederibus cernendis ille intellexit se esse in caelo.
by seeing constellations he understood that he
was in the sky.
Gerundive- a verbal adjective
• Formed identical to the gerund
• Is a 1st and 2nd declension adjective
– Example- parandus, a, um
• The basic meaning of the gerundive is PASSIVE
– Puella laudanda- a girl to be praised
– Liber legendus- a book to be read
– Puella amanda- a girl_________________
If the gerund has a direct object it
becomes a gerundive
• Eram studiosus videndi– I was eager of seeing ie. I was eager to see.
• Eram studiosus videndae speluncae– I was eager to see the cave- “for the cave to be
seen”
– Videndae= gerundive modifying speluncae
feminine genitive singular
Exercise 5
1. Gerund: Multi sunt studiosi spectandi- many
are eager of seeing. i.e. many are eager to
see
Gerundive: Multi sunt studiosi spectandi caeli.