Transcript Audiendo

Gerunds and Gerundives
More Verbals!
GERUND: Verbal NOUN
GERUNDIVE: Verbal ADJECTIVE
Gerunds fill the cases other than
nominative:
Case
Latin
English
Nom.
Audire
Hearing
Gen.
Audiendi
Of hearing
Dat.
Audiendo
For hearing
Acc.
Audiendum
Hearing
Abl.
Audiendo
By hearing
To form a Gerund:
• 2nd principal part: AMARE; AUDIRE; drop the –RE
• Add –[ie]nd to the stem: AMAND-; AUDIEND– for –io verbs of 3rd and 4th conjugation, you should
end up with –ie- before the –nd- (Add an i or e as
needed.)
• Add case endings:
–
–
–
–
Gen: -i  AMANDI; AUDIENDI
Dat: -ō  AMANDO; AUDIENDO
Acc: -um  AMANDUM; AUDIENDUM
Abl: -ō  AMANDO; AUDIENDO
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Spectare
Watching
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Of watching
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
For watching
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Watching
Abl.
Audiendo
By watching
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Monēre
warning
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Of warning
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
For warning
Acc.
Audiendum -um
warning
Abl.
Audiendo
By warning
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Docēre
Teaching
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Of teaching
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
For teaching
Acc.
Audiendum -um
teaching
Abl.
Audiendo
By teaching
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Legere
Reading
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Of reading
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
For reading
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Reading
Abl.
Audiendo
By reading
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
navigare
Sailing
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Of sailing
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
For sailing
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Sailing
Abl.
Audiendo
By sailing
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Vivere
Living
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…eo, ire
(irregular!)
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Ire
Going
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Eundi
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Loqui
Speaking
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Dormire
Sleeping
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Scribere
Writing
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Operari
Working
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Aedificare
Building
Gen. Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Flere
Weeping
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Ridere
Laughing
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Saltare
Dancing
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Colligere
Collecting
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Custodire
Guarding
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Tacere
Keeping silent
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Destruere
Destroying
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Form the Gerund of…
Case
Example
Ending
Latin
English
Nom. Audire
[2nd pp]
Occidere
Killing
Gen.
Audiendi
-i
Dat.
Audiendo
-o
Acc.
Audiendum -um
Abl.
Audiendo
-o
Gerunds in Ecclesiastes
•
•
•
•
Omnia tempus habent,
Et suis spatiis transeunt universa sub caelo.
Tempus nascendi, et tempus moriendi;
Tempus plantandi; et tempus evellendi quod
plantatum est.
• Tempus occidendi, et tempus sanandi;
• Tempus destruendi, et tempus aedificandi.
• Tempus flendi, et tempus ridendi;
• Tempus plangendi, et tempus saltandi.
• Tempus spargendi lapides et tempus
colligendi,
• Tempus amplexandi, et tempus longe fieri ab
amplexibus.
• Tempus acquirendi, et tempus perdendi;
• Tempus custodiendi, et tempus abiciendi.
•
•
•
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Tempus scindendi, et tempus consuendi;
Tempus tacendi, et tempus loquendi.
Tempus dilectionis, et tempus odii;
Tempus belli, et tempus pacis.
Gerundive = Verbal Adjective
• Gerundive = Future PASSIVE Participle
• 30 forms (adjective –us, -a, -um chart)
• How to form it:
–
–
–
–
2nd principal part
Drop –re
Add –ndus, -nda, -ndum, etc.
vocarevocandus, vocanda, vocandum, etc.
• Translate: “to be [verb]ed”
– vocandus: “[about] to be called”
– Puerum a matre vocandum vidi. I saw the boy about
to be called by his mother.
Gerundive Derivatives
1. tremendous
2. memorandum
3. Amanda
4. reverend
5. agenda
6. addenda
7. legend
8. corrigenda
9. referendum
10. propaganda
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
to be respected
to be read
to be corrected
to be feared
to be brought back
to be added
to be loved
to be extended
to be remembered
to be done
Future Passive Periphrastic
By Magistra Candy Baehr
To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”
Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-idundive
You just take a form of SUM and then add
the Gerundive
Use for obligation or necessity:
“Future Passive Periphrastic must be
learned by me!”
Future Passive Periphrastic
• Gerundive plus a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus
• Translate “must be [verb]ed”
• Use DATIVE to show agent (“by whom” it must be
done)
• Liber mihi legendus est.
– liber = the book
– legendus est = must be read (Future Pass. Peri.)
– mihi = by me (Dative of Agent)
• Use neuter nom sing gerundive to make it impersonal:
“it must be [verb]ed”
– agendum est = it must be done
• mihi agendum est = it must be done by me  I must do it
Future Passive Periphrastic
By Magistra Candy Baehr
To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”
Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-idundive
You just take a form of SUM and then add
the Gerundive
Use for obligation or necessity:
“Future Passive Periphrastic must be
learned by me!”
Translate Gerundives!
1. Cogenda mens est ut incipiat.
The mind ____________ to begin.
2. Haec non tangenda sunt.
These things _____________________.
3. Rex civibus est timendus.
A king ______________ by the citizens.
4. Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.
It ______ that there be a sound mind in a sound body.
5. Utendum est aetate; cito pede labitur aetas.
Time ___________; a lifetime slips by on a swift foot.
Translate Gerundives!
1. Pro urbe et deis est certandum.
For city and gods _______________.
2. De gustibus non est disputandum.
Concerning tastes, _____________.
3. Bellum nec timendum nec provocandum est.
War neither ___________ nor ___________.
4. Nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libro pulsanda
[est] tellus…
Now one ____________, one must __________
the earth with dancing foot…
Dative of Agent
• If there is a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus with
a gerundive, that’s the Future Passive
Periphrastic. Translate as “must be [verb]ed.”
• With the FPP, a dative noun/pronoun is the
Agent. Translate as “by ____”.
• E.G.: Multi libri Ciceroni legendi erant.
• Many books had to be read by Cicero.
• Cicero had to read many books.
Translate with FPP and Dative of
Agent…
1. Arma mihi invenienda sunt.
_____ have to find _______________.
2. Hic ritus omnibus spectandus erat.
This ceremony had to be ________ by ____
3. Urbs uni puero servanda est.
__________ must save the ____________.
4. Oraculum regi consulendum erit.
________ will have to be consulted by _____.
Gerundive of Purpose
• ad [noun] [gerundive]
• [noun] [gerundive] causā
• [noun] [gerundive] gratiā
• Romam veniunt
• They come to Rome
N.B.: The noun the
gerundive modifies
= the Direct Object
of the gerundive’s
verb.
ad ludos spectandos.
ludorum spectandorum causā.
ludorum spectandorum gratiā.
to see the games.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive
of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā
• Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ut corpora
confirmarent.
• The young men went to the gym to strengthen
their bodies.
• Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ad___________.
• Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant _________causā.
• Iuvenes ad palaestram ibant ________ gratiā.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive
of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā
• Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ut
linguam Graecam discerent.
• The students were sent to the teacher to learn
the Greek language.
• Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ad___________.
• Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt _________causā.
• Discipuli ad grammaticum missi sunt ________ gratiā.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive
of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā
• Diutissime manserunt ut principem salutarent.
• They stayed a very long time to greet the
emperor.
• Diutissime manserunt ad___________.
• Diutissime manserunt _________causā.
• Diutissime manserunt ________ gratiā.