Transcript Chapter 25 The Church 1000 AD –1300A.D.

Chapter 25 The
Church
Words, Terms and People to Know
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Friars
Urban II
Thomas Aquinas
Excommunicated
Gregory VII
Saladin
Chancellor
Tithes
Acre
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Innocent III
Heresy
Cluny
Crossbow
Cathedral School
Richard I
Frederick I
Outremer
Chapter 25 The Church
1000 A.D. –1300A.D.
Cultural diffusion mechanisms:
Direct diffusion: is when two cultures are very close to
 Feudalism and
 Transitions
–
each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare.
An example of direct diffusion is between the United States
and Canada, where the people living on the border of these
two countries engage in hockey, which started in Canada, and
baseball, which is big in American culture
Forced diffusion: occurs when one culture subjugates
(conquers or enslaves) another culture and forces its own
3. Describe the conditions
customs on the conquered people. An example would be the
that gave rise to feudalism,
as
conquistadors
that took over the indigenous population and
well as political, economic
made them practice Christianity.
and social characteristics
of diffusion happens when traits are passed from one
Indirect
feudalism, in Asia andculture through a middleman to another culture, without the
Europe.
first and final cultures ever being in direct contact. An example
could be the presence of Mexican food in Canada, since they
have a huge country in between them.
– 4. Explain the lasting effects
Direct diffusion is very common in ancient times, when small
of military conquests during
groups, or bands, of humans lived in adjoining settlements.
the
Indirect diffusion is very common in today's world, because of
 Middle Ages including: the mass media and the invention of the Internet.
– a. Muslim conquests;
– b. The Crusades;
– c. The Mongol invasions.
This is the front portion of a rare enameled cross, which is
immediately striking for its finely detailed figures and subtle
shades of enamel. Christ is here surrounded by four Virtues. At
the top, Hope (SPES) with the Eucharistic bread and chalice; to
the right, Faith (FIDES) with a baptismal font; on the bottom,
Obedience (OBEDIENTIA) with a cross; and finally Innocence
(INNOCENTIA) on the left holding a Iamb. Below Christ's feet a
Eucharistic chalice catches his blood. The cross was once
backed by a second panel to form a reliquary, with a piece of the
True Cross placed in the cavity at the bottom
Chapter 25
The Church
 The Church saw itself as the spiritual community of Christian
believers in exile from God’s kingdom waiting in a hostile world
for the day of deliverance
 By 1400 there was one church for every 200 hundred
people in Europe
 By 1400 the surface area of every city was given over to a
large extent to the local cathedral
 There were 10s of thousands of churches in Western
People were expected to give one tenth of their income to the church which
Europe
stored it is tith barns such as this one in Kent England.
 The Church was the single largest unifying institution in
Medieval Europe. The church, both as a physical structure
and as an institution ,was the largest most important
element in European society.
 Its continuing existence made it the wealthiest and most
powerful institution.
western
façadeare
of Reims
France.
Cathedrals The
were
vast. They
big byCathedral,
our standards
today, but in
Medieval England they were bigger than all buildings including royal
This entrance to Amiens Cathedral in France shows just how vast
palaces.cathedrals
Their sheer
size meant that people would see them from
were. The doors alone are over 20 feet tall, while the
miles around,
and remind
them
of the
power
'porch' which
surrounds
it makes
thishuge
doorway
nearlyof
60the
feetCatholic
tall;
Church. taller than many houses now.
Romanesque Architecture
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Although there is no consensus for the beginning date of the
style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10th
The
general
impression
given
by the
Romanesque
centuries,
examples
can be found
across
continent, making
Romanesque architecture
the first pan-European
architecture,
in both ecclesiastical
and secular
architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture.
buildings,
is one of massive solidity and strength. 6th
thru 10th Centuries
1. Rounded Arches
2. Barrel Vaults
3. Thick Walls
4 Darker, simplistic interiors
5. Small windows, usually at
the top of walls
Gothic Architectural Style
Originating in 12th
century France and lasting into the 16th century,
 Pointed arches.
 High, narrow
vaults.
 Thinner walls.
 Flying buttresses.
 Elaborate, ornate,
airier interiors.
 Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
Notre Dame Cathedral
begun in 1248 and took, with interruptions, until 1880 to
complete the Cathedral at Cologne German near the Rhine River
Interior of a Gothic Cathedral
The interior of the western end of
Reims Cathedral
Cathedral Gargoyles
The word “gargoyle” is also a derivative from the Latin word, “gurgulio”,
which had a double meaning, “throat”, and the “gurgling” sound water makes
as it passes through a gargoyle. A carved creature that does not serve the
purpose of a drain pipe is frequently referred to as a "Grotesque". legend has
it, that a fierce dragon named La Gargouille described as having a long,
reptilian neck, a slender snout and membranous wings lived in a cave near the
river Seine. The dragon caused much fear and destruction with its fiery breath,
spouting water and the devouring of ships and men. Each year, the residents of
Rouen would placate Gargouille with an offering of a victim, usually a
criminal, though it was said the dragon preferred maidens. Around 600, the
village was saved by St. Romanis, who promised to deal with the dragon if the
townspeople agreed to be baptized and to build a church. Romanus subdued
the dragon by making the sign of the cross and then led the now docile beast
back to town on a leash made from his priest's robe. La Gargouille was then
burned at the stake, it is said that his head and neck were so well tempered by
the heat of his fiery breath, that they would not burn. These remnants were
then mounted on the town wall and became the model for gargoyles
: Luke 19:29-40
If these should keep silent, the stones would immediately cry out. —
Luke 19:40
Section One: describes the influence of the Church ill daily life in
western Europe
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Terms to Learn: Mass
 I. Catholic Influence
– A. Daily life revolved around the Church and it
– Was an important part of the feudal system
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B. Mass was held by parish priest
1. most records kept by the church
2. most holidays were in honor of
saints or religious events
– C. Political Life
 1. together with the kings and nobility the church governed
 2. church leaders served as advisors to kings and nobles
who could not read or write
 3. church officials often chosen by local nobles and told
the people to obey the nobles and king
 4. (Canon laws)—excommunicated --Canon Laws
I. Cont.
–D. The Inquisition
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1. 1129 church est. the inquisition
facts to combat heresy
 2. given one month to confess or a trial
was held
 3. purpose of trial was to get a confession
–(a.) court called two witnesses
–(b.) based on their testimony they
decided guilt
–(c.) . Heretics (Heretical Groups) who
confessed were allowed to become
church members again. Those who did
not were burned at the stake
Some Heretical Groups
 Cathars: originated around the middle of the 10th
Arnaud Amalric (died 1225) was a Cistercian monk remembered for giving advice during the Albigensian Crusade to a soldier
wondering how to distinguish the Catholic friendlies from the Cathar enemies. In 1204, he was named a papal legate and inquisitor and
was sent by Innocent III with Pete of Castelnau and Arnoul to attempt the conversion of the Albigensians. Failing in this, he
distinguished himself by the zeal with which he incited men by his preaching to the crusade against these heretics.
century, branded by the contemporary Roman Catholic
Church as heretical. also called Albigensians. believed
When
theyhistorical
discovered,events
from thewere
admissions
of some
of them, that
there were
that
the result
of struggle
between
a
Catholics
with the
theyand
said that
to theevil
abbot
“Sir, the
whatworld,
shall we do,
goodmingled
force and
anheretics
evil force
ruled
for we
cannot
distinguish
betweenorthe
faithful and
the heretics.”
The abbot, like
but
could
be controlled
defeated
through
asceticism
the others,
was afraid
that many, in fear of death, would pretend to be Catholics,
and good
works.
and after their departure, would return to their heresy, and is said to have
replied,
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Waldensians:
Peter Waldo of Lyon was a wealthy
"Kill them all. For the Lord knows them
merchant who gave up his wealth around 1175 after a
religious experience and became a preacher believing that
all religious practices should have scriptural basis. Waldo
was denied the right to preach his sermons by the Third
Lateran Council in 1179. He rejected the practice of
selling indulgences, as well as the common saint cult
practices of the day. (He is credited with providing to Europe the
that are His."
Statue of Peter Waldo at the Luther
Memorial at Worms, Germany
first translation of the Bible in a 'modern tongue' outside of Latin.)
Broadly speaking , the beliefs to which every good
Christian would need to accept can be summarized as
follows:
 The Trinity: God is one being but three persons
(Father, Son and the Holy Ghost).
 The Creation: God created the world by His own
will.
 The Fall: Man, created perfect by God, chose to
rebel and fell into sin.
 The Incarnation: God sent His son Christ into the
world to restore man to grace.
 The Church: Christ instituted the Church and the
sacraments in order to provide grace.
 The Last Judgment: Christ will come again to
judge man and usher in the New Kingdom.
BURN THE WITCH! …and a
lot of other people while you’re at it.
Execution by burning:
Execution by burning is a particularly
painful and unpleasant way to die, with a
 . long history as a method of punishment
for crimes such as treason and for other
unpopular acts such as heresy and the
practice of witchcraft. For a number of
reasons, this method of execution fell
into disfavor among governments. The
particular form of execution by burning in
which the condemned is bound to a large
stake is more commonly called burning at
the stake
 Cause of death
 If the fire were large (for instance, when a large
number of prisoners were executed at the
same time), death often came from the carbon
monoxide poisoning before flames actually
caused harm to the body. However, if the fire
were small, the convict would burn for a few
minutes in pain until death from heatstroke or
loss of blood plasma. Typically, the executioner
would arrange a pile of wood around the
condemned's feet and calves, with
supplementary small bundles of sticks and
straw called faggots at strategic intervals up
his/her body.
When applied with skillful cruelty, the
victim's skin would burn progressively
in the sequence: calves, thighs and
hands, torso and forearms, breasts,
upper chest, face; and then finally death.
On other occasions, people died from
suffocation with only their calves in fire.
In many burnings a rope was attached to
the convict's neck passing through a
ring on the stake and they were
simultaneously strangled and burnt.
 In later years in England, some
burnings only took place after the
convict had already hanged for a halfhour. In some Nordic and German
burnings, convicts had containers of
gunpowder tied to them or were tied to
ladders and then swung into fully
burning bonfires. A container of
gunpowder tied at the neck might be
used to bring about a quicker (and thus
more merciful) death, since the victim
would suffer only until the gunpowder
was heated enough to explode. Some
victims refused this, however.
List of burned heretics
 Burning was used as a means of execution
in many ancient societies. According to
ancient reports, Roman authorities
executed many of the early Christian
martyrs by burning. These reports claim that
in some cases they failed to be burnt, and
had to be beheaded instead. However, all
such ancient manuscripts were copied by
Christian monks, and even Catholic sources
state that many of these claims were
invented. Under the Byzantine Empire,
burning was introduced as a punishment for
recalcitrant Zoroastrians, due to the belief
that they worshiped fire.
"It is just that, in so terrible a day, and in the last moments of my
life, I should discover all the iniquity of falsehood, and make the
truth triumph. I declare, then, in the face of heaven and earth, and
acknowledge, though to my eternal shame, that I have committed the
greatest crimes but it has been the acknowledging of those which
have been so foully charged on the order. I attest - and truth obliges
me to attest - that it is innocent! I made the contrary declaration only
to suspend the excessive pains of torture, and to mollify those who
made me endure them. I know the punishments which have been
inflicted on all the knights who had the courage to revoke a similar
confession; but the dreadful spectacle which is presented to me is not
able to make me confirm one lie by another. The life offered me on
such infamous terms I abandon without regret.“Jacques de
 In 1184, the Synod of Verona legislated
that burning was to be the official
punishment for heresy. This decree was
later reaffirmed by the Fourth Council of
the Lateran in 1215, the Synod of
Toulouse in 1229, and numerous
spiritual and secular leaders up through
18, 1314
theMolay
17thMarch
century.
 Among the best-known individuals to be
executed by burning were Jacques de
Molay (1314), Jan Hus (1415), St Joan of
Arc (May 30, 1431), William Tyndale
(1536), Michael Servetus (1553), and
Thomas Cranmer (1556) were also burned
at the stake.
 In the United Kingdom, the traditional
punishment for women found guilty of
treason was to be burnt at the stake, while
men were hanged, drawn and quartered.
There were two types of treason, high
treason for crimes against the Sovereign,
and petty treason for the murder of one's
lawful husband by his wife. In 1790, Sir
Benjamin Hammett superior, including that
of a introduced a bill into Parliament to end
what is now widely considered a barbaric
before as Sheriff of London he had been
responsible
for the burning of Catherine Murphy, found
guilty of counterfeiting, but that he had
allowed her to be hanged first. He pointed
out that as the law stood, he himself could
have been found guilty of a crime in not
carrying out the lawful punishment and, as
no woman had been burnt alive in the
kingdom for over fifty years, so could all
those still alive who had held an official
position at all of the previous burnings. The
act was duly passed by Parliament and given
royal assent by King George III (30 George
III. C. 48).[1]
The use of fire in capital punishment is
prohibited under Islamic Law.
Execution by burning - Modern Burnings
Contrary to popular belief, people are
still accused of witchcraft and burned
today (most notably in Africa). The last
known victim to be burned at the stake
in North America (Mexico 1955) was
Josephine Arista. Executions by
burning (from modern witch hunts) have
occurred as recently as 1999 in South
Africa and 2000 in India.
Section Two: discusses Church reforms
 II. Attempts at Reform
– A. Church becomes rich thru tithes equal to 10% of income
– B. Wealthier monasteries became, the more careless they were
in ,carrying out their religious duties
– C. Nobles chose close relatives to become bishop or sold the
– office for money or favors
– D. Irreligious men gain important Church positions
– E. 900-1000 reform movement begins
– F. The monks of Cluny wished to fight Church corruption and
return
 1. new monasteries following strict Benedictine Rule founded
 2. said only the Pope, not kings could choose Church leaders
G. Pope Gregory VII
photo of wax image
– Pope Gregory VII (c. 1020-1085)claimed power over kings and
feudal nobles. Last attributed last words in Salerno, Italy, where he
had taken refuge after being ousted from Rome by the Holy Roman
Emperor Henry IV.
– "I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in
exile."
Donation of Pepin 756
Papal States in the 13th Century
Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City, is a landlocked
sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the
city of Rome, the capital city of Italy. At approximately 110 acres, and with a
population of around 900, it is the smallest country in the world by both area
and population.
The Lateran Treaty in 1929, which brought the city-state into existence,
spoke of it as a new creation (Preamble and Article III), not as a vestige of
the much larger Papal States (756-1870) that had previously encompassed
central Italy. Most of this territory was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in
1860, and the final portion, namely the city of Rome with a small area close
to it, ten years later, in 1870.
Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state, ruled
by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all
clergymen of the Roman Catholic Church. It is the sovereign territory of the
Holy See (Sancta Sedes) and the location of the Pope's residence, referred
to as the Apostolic Palace.
The Popes have resided in the area that in 1929 became the Vatican
City since the return from Avignon in 1377. Previously, they resided in the
Lateran Palace on the Caelian Hill on the opposite side of Rome, which was
out of repair in 1377.
II. Cont.
 1. Under Gregory the Pope became a
political as well as a religious leader .
 2. wanted to increase the Pope's
power over the Church officials as
well as kings and feudal nobles
–(a.) people did not have to obey
officials who went against the
Pope
–(b.) some kings fought this change
 H. Friars
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People to Know: Francis of Assisi
People to Know: Gregory VII
The Franciscan coat of arms which has its origin around the middle of
the fifteenth century pictures two arms crossed against the background of a simple
cross. The right unclothed arm of Christ passes over the left arm of Francis, which
is clothed in a sleeve. Both hands bear the wound mark of a nail
The arm of Francis set against the background of the cross shows his choice of
that symbol as his distinguishing mark and represents his passionate desire to be
conformed to Jesus his savior. The wound mark in the hand of Christ recalls His
crucifixion; the wound mark in the hand of Francis recalls his having been given
the stigmata two years before his death.
– 1. Church reform carried out by friars who
had renounced worldly items
and depended
St. Domonic saw the need for a new
type of organization
to
address the needs of
upon gifts of food and money
from
people
his time, one that would bring the
dedication and systematic
– 2. Friars did not marry and followed
many
education of the older
monastic
orders to bear on the religious
monastic rules but lived amongst
the
people
problems of the
burgeoning
population of cities, but with more
of the towns.
organizational flexibility than either monastic
orders or the secular clergy
– 3. well-known orders were: Franciscans and
Dominicans
 (a.) Franciscans founded by Francis of Assisi
 (b.) Dominican order started in 1216 by a Spanish
monk named Dominic
A Medieval Monk’s Day
Section Three: explains
the spread of
Teaching at Paris, in a late 14th-century
Grandes Chroniques de France: the tonsured
Christian teachings
in western Europe
students sit on the floor
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Terms to Learn: Cathedrals
Terms toLeam: Chancellor
Terms to Learn: Unions
People to Know: Thomas Aquinas
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Ill. Learning
A. during the middle ages learning was in the hands of
the Church
B. Cathedral Schools
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–
–
–
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1. trained boys to enter the Church, do government work, be
lawyers, and teachers. Young nobles could get an
education in 7 subjects at a cathedral school.
2. subjects: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic,
3. books were few and costly
C. Universities
–
–
–
1. Unions-groups of people formed together for a common
cause, is this case those who wanted to improve education.
2. Union, led to universities which rapidly spread through
Europe.
3. Universities were head by a church official called a
chancellor
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(a.) lecturers had to be 21 or older and to have studied for at
least 6 years
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The seven liberal arts - Picture from the Hortus
deliciarum of Herrad von Landsberg (12th
century)
Liberal arts are the skills derived from the
Classical education curriculum. The term liberal
arts denotes a curriculum that imparts general
knowledge and develops the student’s rational
thought and intellectual capabilities[vague],
unlike the professional, vocational, technical
curricula emphasizing specialization. The
contemporary liberal arts comprise studying
literature, languages, philosophy, histoy,
mathematics, and science. 1] In classical
antiquity, the liberal arts denoted the education
proper to a free man (Latin: liber, “free”), unlike
the education proper to a slave. In the 5th
Century AD, Martianus Capella academically
defined the seven Liberal Arts as: grammar,
dialectic, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic,
astronomy, and music. In the medieval Western
university, the seven liberal arts were:

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
The Trivium
 grammar
 rhetoric
 Logic
The Quadrivium
 Geometry
 arithmetic
 music
 astronomy
Medieval Universities
 D. Thomas Aquinas
– 1. believed both faith and reason were gifts of God
and could be brought together.
– 2. reason helped people know the world
– 3. faith revealed religious truths and helped them
find life after death
– 4. Summa Theologica (A Summary of Religious Thought)
– 5. Doctors of the Church (some listed below)
 St. Ambrose
 St. Augustine
 St. Jerome
 St. John Chrysostom
 St. Thomas Aquinas
Section Four: describes reasons for the Crusades
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Terms to Learn: Crusades
Terms to Learn: Emirs
People to Know: Urban II
People to Know: Saladin
People to Know: Richard the Lionheart
Places to Locate: Outremer
Places to Locate: Palestine
Places to Locate: Venice
Places to Locate: Acre
Seljuqs at the time of their largest extent
IV.The Crusades
 A. in 1071 the Seljuq Turks conquer Jerusalem
and take control of Christian shrines. The
resulting attempts to take back the Holy Lands
are called Crusades.
 B. A Call to War time line for 1st Crusades
 C. 1095 Urban II urges a crusade against the
Turks
First Crusade 1095-1099
Second Crusade 1147–1149
Third Crusade 1187–1192
Fourth Crusade 1202–1204
Albigensian Crusade
Children's Crusade
Fifth Crusade 1217–1221
Sixth Crusade 1228–1229
Seventh Crusade 1248–1254
Eighth Crusade 1270
Ninth Crusade 1271–1272
Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont.
 "...you must apply the strength of your
righteousness to another matter which
concerns you as well as God. For your
brethren
who live in the east are in
Some Other
urgent
of your help, and you must
Crusade
against theneed
Tatars
Crusades in the Balkans
Aragonese
Crusade to give them the aid which has
hasten
Alexandrian Crusade
Hussite Crusade
often been promised them. For, as the
Swedish Crusades
most of you have heard, the Turks and
Arabs have attacked them...“
--1095 Urban II
IV. Continued
– 1. Pope promised that those who went on crusade
were free of debts and taxes and God would forgive
sins of those who died in battle
– 2. encouraged soldiers to wear a red cross on their
tunics as symbol of obedience to God
 D. The Peasants' Crusade Peter the Hermit
– 1. "Deus Vult" (It is the will of God) becomes war cry
– 2. nobles gain more
land
it was common advise for archers to draw their
practice bow
66 times
every morning
to
keep their
– 3. peasants escape
work
and
win
possibility
of
strength up.
freedom
– 4. peasants form own armies and in spring of 1096
12,000 French peasants and German peasants
march through Europe and attack farmers, Jews
and just about every one else!
– 5. Byzantine emperor sends them to fight the Turks
and are wiped out by Turkish bowmen. http://www.sacredarchery.com/Treatise%20on%20Turkish%20Bows.pdf
Christian Crusades: East and West
Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine (very
roughly equivalent to today’s Low Countries), was another
powerful ruler, who later generations would revere as the
true hero of the crusade
 E. The Nobles' Crusade
essay
– 1. 1097 nobles leading great armies set out
– 2. 30,000 crusaders defeat the Turks
– 3. unprepared for desert warfare in Syria
– 4. 1099 12,000 surviving crusaders capture
Jerusalem
 (a.) kill Turks, Jews and Christians alike, looted
Jerusalem
A map of the Crusader States in the 12th-13th
centuries. The Fourth Crusade was diverted by
the Venetians to attack Byzantium (later
Constantinople) which resulted in a period of
Latin control over this Christian empire. The red
area here shows the Kingdom of Jerusalem and
its fiefs in 1140; brown shows the Crusaders?
Latin Empire after 1204; blue, their Venetian
possessions after 1204; and green, other Latin
states in Greece after 1204.
 F. The Kingdom Beyond the Sea
Outremer
 Crusader Castle
photos in Syria
 1. After the crusaders captured Jerusalem they lost
much of their religious enthusiasm
 2. Crusaders took over estates of Turkish and Arab
Muslims and divided them among themselves and their
best knights
 3. in time friendships developed between crusaders
and the local Muslims
 4. Crusaders built castles in Outremer map
 5. Crusaders began to dress in turbans and flowing
silk robes, but continued to fight in armor.
 6. Women adopt Muslim custom of wearing veils and
using makeup and perfume.
 7. heat causes westerners to develop habit of bathing
 8. Crusaders learn to eat lighter meals with less meat
and more fruits and vegetables.
 9. many have trouble adjusting, many were killed in
battle
 G. Saladin and the Crusade of Kings

1. 1174 Saladin becomes ruler of Egypt and unites Muslims
throughout the Near East and begins war to remove the
Christian occupation of Palestine

2. Army headed by emirs
According to William Stubbs, English historian and Bishop of Oxford. :

3. Muslim short bows made them very effective against the
“He was unarmored
a bad king: his
great exploits,
his military
skill, his
splendour
and to
mounts
of the knights.
Knights
use
crossbows
offsethis
the
balance
of power.
Battle ofspirit,
Hattin
4,1187
extravagance,
poetical
tastes,
his adventurous
doJuly
not serve
to cloak
 entire4.want
1187ofSaladin
takes
Jerusalem
Oct. 2,for
1187
his
sympathy,
or even
consideration,
his people. He was no

(a.)
Saladin
toNormandy,
massacre Anjou,
the or
Englishman,
but it does not
follow
thatrefuses
he gave to

in Jerusalem
Aquitaine
the love or careChristians
that he denied
to his kingdom. His ambition was
 of a mere warrior: he(b.)
Church
urges
another
crusade
that
would
fight for
anything
whatever,
but he would
 everything
5. Western
armies
by King
of he sought was that
sell
that was
worthled
fighting
for. Richard
The gloryI that
 victoryEngland
andconquest.”
Frederick Barbarossa of
of
rather than

Germany and King Philip Augustus of France (1190)

(a.) Barbarossa dies while crossing a river in
Asia Minor

(b.) Richard and Philip quarreled constantly
until Philip quits and goes home

(c.) Richard crusades alone and eventually
signs a truce with Saladin Treaty of Ramla
 H. The Loss of An Ideal
–
–
–
–
1. 1202 Pope Innocent III called for another
crusade.
2. decide to go by ship from Venice. Rich
merchants there wanted to replace Constantinople
as a center of trade.
3. Crusaders agreed to pay the Venetians ½ of all
their conquests.
4. Venetians convince Crusaders to help them
conquer Constantinople.





(a.) Priceless manuscripts and works of art lost.
(b.) Decide not to go to Palestine and divide the city with
Venetians.
(c.) Conduct of these Crusaders shocked many western
Europeans who lost their respect for the crusader ideal.
(d.) In 1291 Muslims take the city of Acre the last
Christian stronghold in the holy land and this marks the
end of the Crusades.
 I. Effects of the Crusades
– 1. Byzantines were so angry the spilt between the eastern and
western church became permanent.
– 2. Crusades helped breakdown feudalism in
western Europe.
– 3. The crusaders’ contact with the Byzantines and Muslims led
western Europeans to again become interested in learning:
new knowledge of the compass, arabic numerals, steel
making, algebra etc.
– 4. Europeans began to demand luxuries such as spices,
sugar, fruits such as lemons, rugs, tapestries and richly woven
cloth—trade grew especially in Italy as Mediterranean ports
become more important in shipping goods from the east
– 5. European merchants opened new trade routes and the
desire to find others grows
– 6. Towns grow
2007 OAT Question
26. The Crusades had a great impact on
European culture during the Middle Ages. In
your Answer Document, identify and describe
two ways the Crusaders’ contact with the Middle
East changed European culture.
(4 points)
Critical Thinking:
Answer on of the questions
below on a separate sheet of paper
.
 The Crusades had a great impact on
European culture during the Middle Ages.
Identify and describe two ways the
Crusaders’ contact with the Middle East
changed European culture.
 Suppose you were a heretic, or a person who did
not share all the beliefs of the Church during the
Inquisition. Would the fear of what might happen
to you change your beliefs? Why or why not?