Transcript Introduction to Computers

History of Computers
Early Calculating Devices
• 3000 BC: People began to use an abacus for
calculations.
• The standard abacus can be used to perform
addition, subtraction, division, and
multiplication
Napier's bones
• Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating
device created by John Napier in 1617 for
calculation of products and quotients of numbers.
Pascaline
• 1642: Blaise Pascal made a mechanical
calculator for addition and subtraction for his
father to calculate taxes. These calculator that
is called Pascaline was well suited for the
addition however, the nonreversible
mechanism required a special technique for
subtraction.
Difference Engine
• 1842: Charles Babbage made a machine called a
Difference Engine that could solve complex
problems like logarithmic and trigonometric
functions.
Punch cards
• 1890: Hermann Hollerith designed a computer that
used punched cards.
• A punched card is a piece of stiff paper that
contains digital information represented by the
presence or absence of holes in predefined
positions.
Atanasoff–Berry Computer(ABC)
• 1939: John Vincent Atanasoff developed the first
electronic digital computer (Atanasoff–Berry
Computer). The main ideas used in the ABC included
binary math and Boolean logic to solve up to 29
simultaneous linear equations. The ABC had no central
processing unit (CPU) but was designed as an electronic
device using vacuum tubes for digital computation. It
also used separate regenerative capacitor memory, a
process still used today in DRAM memory.
ENIAC
• The first electronic computer was called the ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator). It
was built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1943,
and it was used for military calculations, for
weather forecasting, and for atomic energy
calculations.
• It weighed 30 tons and filled a big room. At 11:45
PM on October 2, 1955, ENIAC was shut down.
ENIAC
• Dr. John Von Neumann invented a technology for
program storage at the University of Princeton in
1945. This technology allowed a computer to store
a program in memory. People could change the
program for different purposes. Dr. John Von
Neumann’s computer made it possible to develop
the computers we use today
• John Von Neumann described a computer
architecture in which data and program memory
are mapped into the same address space
(storedprogram technique). This group of machines
included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially
available computers.
Some Other Important Inventions in the History of
Computers
• 1958: Seymour Cray started to use transistors in
computers. He designed a series of computers that
were the fastest in the world for decades and
founded the company Cray Research which built
many of these machines. Cray is called “the father
of supercomputing.”
• 1964: IBM used integrated circuits in the IBM 360
computer. It was the first family of computers
making a clear distinction between architecture and
implementation.
Some Other Important Inventions in the History of
Computers
• 1971: Intel introduced the first microprocessor
(Intel 4004). It was a 4-bit CPU. Today’s 64-bit
microprocessors are still based on similar designs.
• 1975: The first microcomputer, called the Altair
8800, was introduced by MITS (Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems). The MITS
Altair 8800 was based on a 2 MHz Intel 8080 with
256 bytes standard RAM. User interface was
through the octal front panel switches.
Some Other Important Inventions in the History of
Computers
• 1981: IBM introduced its first PC, IBM 5150. The
first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088
microprocessor. The PC came equipped with 16
kilobytes of memory, expandable to 256k. The PC
came with one or two 160k floppy disk drives and
an optional color monitor. The price tag started at
$1,565.
• 1984: Apple introduced the first Macintosh,
Macintosh 128K. It was the first commercially
successful personal computer to feature a mouse
and a graphical user interface rather than a
command line interface.
The Main Periods in the History of
Computers
• The electronic computer industry has developed
faster than any other industry in history.
• The history of computers has five main periods.
They show how the technology that computers use
for processing data has changed and developed.
1st Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1930–1958)
• The first computers used vacuum tubes to make
calculations. A vacuum tube is a device used to
amplify, switch, modify, or create an electrical signal
by controlling the movement of electrons in a lowpressure space. It looks and behaves like a light
bulb. It generates a lot of heat and has a tendency
to burn out.
1st Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1930–1958)
• The ENIAC was a vacuum tube computer. It weighed
over thirty tons and consumed 200 kilowatts of
electrical power. It had around 18,000 vacuum
tubes that constantly burned out.
2nd Generation
Transistors (1959)
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes because they
were smaller, faster, and more reliable and used less
energy. The transistor is considered by many to be
the greatest invention of the twentieth century. It is
the key active component in practically all modern
electronics.
2nd Generation
Transistors (1959)
• Invitation of the transistor made it possible to
produce integrated circuits, make personal
computers, and fly space crafts and satellites.
3rd Generation
Integrated Circuits (1965)
• Integrated circuits (microchips) use
semiconductors to make complex
circuits for data processing. Their
invention was a big development for
the computer industry. Big boards
with transistors that took up a lot of
space were replaced with small
boards that reduced the size of
computers and made them more
reliable and less expensive.
4. Microprocessors (1971)
• A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the
functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a
single integrated circuit. The computer company
Intel introduced its first microprocessor in 1971. It
was a 4-bit processor and was used for electronic
calculators. Microprocessors allow computers to
perform more accurate operations in less time.
4th Generation
Microprocessors (1971)
• A microprocessor may contain millions of
transistors. An AMD dual-core Athlon Processor has
233 millions transistors, and an Intel Pentium D has
230 million transistors.
5th Generation
Personal Computer (1981)
• The computer company IBM introduced its first
personal computer (PC), called the Datamaster, in
1981. PCs are made for individual use, and are
intended to be operated directly by end users, with
no intervening computer operator.