Transcript Appendix
Appendix
The Continuing Story of the
Computer Age
Early Calculating Devices
abacus - calculating
device used for
about 4000 years
throughout the
ancient world
quipa - used by
Incans to represent
data (e.g. payments,
memorable dates)
abacus
quipa
Steps Toward Modern
Computing
Jacquard’s loom patterns for the loom
could be
“programmed”
(punch cards)
Charles Babbage
English mathematician
and scientist (17911871)
nicknamed “father of
computing”
Difference and
Analytical Engines were
direct predecessors of
modern computers
worked with Lady Ada
Lovelace (first
programmer)
Difference engine
Herman Hollerith
invented a tabulating device used for
compiling the 1890 census
– introduced the idea of automated data
processing
– continued developing business machinery
– his company was one of the companies
that joined to form IBM
The start of modern computing
ENIAC - first large-scale
electronic digital computer
(completed in 1946)
– built by John Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert
at the University of
Pennsylvania
– 17,480 vacuum tubes,
30 tons, 10’ high, 3’
wide, 100’ long
– had to be rewired to
change program
Other Early Developments
stored program concept
– programs and data stored in the computer’s
memory
– developed by John von Neumann
Grace Murray Hopper
– developed some of the first high-level
programming languages
1st Generation Computers (1951-58)
used vacuum tubes
- very unreliable
machine language
programming
punched cards and
magnetic tape
UNIVAC completed
in 1951
– first computer built for
commercial use
– purchased by the U.S.
Census Bureau
2nd Generation Computers (1959-64)
transistors replaced vacuum tubes
faster, smaller, and more reliable
than 1st generation machines
used punched cards, printers, tape
and disk storage
development of assembly languages
and first high-level languages
computers used principally by
businesses
3rd Generation Computers (1965-70)
integrated circuit (IC) - a complete electronic
circuit on a chip of silicon
replaced transistors in computers - faster,
smaller, less expensive than earlier machines
“computer families” introduced
unbundling of software - separate the selling
of software and hardware
standards developed for computer networks
(Internet begins)
4th Generation Computers (1971-Present)
extension of IC technology led to VLSI
development of the microprocessor
introduction of personal computers and
supercomputers
– Apple Computers (1977)
– IBM PC (1981) - non-proprietary parts
• Microsoft provided original OS
proliferation of application software
GUI’s become widely used
proliferation of networking (Internet, WWW)