Transcript ppt

CSE1301
Computer Programming:
Lecture 34
Introduction to the
History of Computing
1
Astronomical computers
• 4000 BC: sundials
Stonehenge (2800-1800B.C.)
Ancient stone sundial
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Abacus
• 1000-500 BC (Babylonians):
mechanical aid used for counting
The Salamis Tablet
(Greek, 300BC)
The Roman Hand Abacus
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Abacus (cont.)
Ancient times: 300 B.C. to c500A.D.
Middle Ages 5 A.D to c1400 A.D
Modern: 1200 A.D to present
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Arabic Astrolabe
From c700A.D.
Front
Back
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Da Vinci’s Mechanical Calculator
Notebook sketches c1500
Working model
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Napier’s Bones
• Early 1600s
• Multiplication tables inscribed
on strips of wood and bones
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Oughtred’s Slide Rule
• Rev. William Oughtred
1621
• Use logs to perform
multiplication and division
by using addition and
subtraction
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Pascal’s arithmetic engine
• Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
• Mechanical calculator for addition
and subtraction
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Leibnez’s Step Reckoner
• Gottfried von Leibnez
1670
• Add, subtract, multiply,
divide, square roots
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Jacquard’s punch card
• Joseph Marie Jacquard 1804
• punch cards used to operator
loom
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Babbage’s analytical engine
• Charles Babbage
(1791-1871)
Design for the analytical engine
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The World’s First Programmer
• Lady Ada Augusta
Byron, Countess of
Lovelace (1815-1952)
(1791-1871)
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Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
• Herman Hollerith (1860-1929)
• Invented a punched card device to
help analyse the 1890 US census
data
• Founded “Tabulating Machine
Company” 1896
• 1924 – Tabulating Machine
Company merges with others to
form IBM
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MIT Differential Analyzer
• Purpose: to solve differential
equations
• Mechanical computation with first
use of vacuum tubes for memory
• Programmed by aligning gears on
shafts
• 1930s
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Alan Turing (1912-1954)
• Develops theory of computability
and the “Turing Machine” model – a
simple but elegant mathematical
model of a general purpose
computer (~1936)
• Helped crack German codes in
WWII (1939-1945)
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Konrad Zuse
• 1936: Z1 first binary computer suing
Erector Set parts, keyboard and lights
for output (relay memory)
• 1938: Z2 – using punched tape and
relays
Z1
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The first computers
• 1939 Atanasoff-Berry
Computer
– First electronic-digital
computer?
– Binary numbers, direct
logic for calculation,
regenerative memory
• Prototype 1939
• 2 years then to build full
scale model
– One op per 15 secs, 300
vacuum tubes, 700 pounds,
mile of wire
ABC Prototype
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The first computers (cont.)
• 1943 British Colossus –
first all-electronic
computer? (2,400 vacuum
tubes)
– Decipher enigma coded
messages at 5,000 chars/sec
– At peak, 10 machines ran
24 hours a day
A German enigma coding machine
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The first computers (cont.)
• 1943-44 Aiken at Harvard/IBM “Mark 1” – first
electromechanical digital computer (electromagnetic relays –
magnets open and close metal switches) (recreation of
Analytical Engine)
– 8 ft tall, 50 ft long, 1 million parts
– 323 decimal-digit additions per sec
– storage for 72 23-digit numbers.
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ENIAC (1946)
• 18,000 tubes, 1500 sq ft
• Programmed by wire plugs into
panels
– 5,000 decimal-digit additions/sec
– 20 10-decimal digit “accumulators”
• 1941 Von Neumann proposes
EDVAC – Electronic Discrete
Variable Computer
• Computer should
Von Neumann and ENIAC
– Use binary
– Have stored programs
– Be function-oriented
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UNIVAC-1
• The world’s first commercially available
(non-military) computer
• “I think there is a world market for about
five computers”
– Thomas J. Watson, IBM Chairman
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Computer Generations
• First: vacuum tubes
• Second: semiconductor
transistor chips (Bell labs,
1950s)
• Third: support for multiprogramming, including
“mini-computers) : 1960s
• Fourth: no agreement!
Whirlwind core memory 1951
– VSLI super-computer
– Micro-computer (PCs,
workstations) 1980s…
IBM PC c1982
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Moore’s Law
1965: predicted exponential growth in transistors per integrated
circuit would continue.
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