Transcript Generations of computer

Information and
Communication
Technology ( ICT )
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
A. Brief History of Computer
B. Early Developments in Electronic
Data Processing
C. Computer Generations
Objectives:
To be familiar with the
history, and the
developments of
computing devices.
Brief History of Computer
THE EARLIEST
COMPUTING DEVICES
The earliest data
processing equipment were
all manual - mechanical
devices due to the absence
of electricity and adequate
industrial technology.
ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians )
• The abacus was an early aid for
mathematical computations. Its
only value is that it aids the
memory of the human
performing the calculation.
A very old Abacus
ABACUS
A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus
is really just a representation of the human
fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent
the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent
the 2 hands.
John Napier
( 1550 – 1617 )
John Napier is best known as
the inventor of logarithms. He
also invented the so-called
"Napier's bones" and made
common the use of the decimal
point in arithmetic and
mathematics.
Napier's birthplace, Merchiston
Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is
now part of the facilities
of Edinburgh Napier University.
After his death from the effects
of gout, Napier's remains were
buried in St Cuthbert's Church,
Edinburgh.
NAPIER'S BONES
In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman
named John Napier invented
logarithms, which are a technology
that allows multiplication to be
performed via addition. The magic
ingredient is the logarithm of each
operand, which was originally
obtained from a printed table. But
Napier also invented an alternative
to tables, where the logarithm values
were carved on ivory sticks.
An original set of Napier's Bones
[photo courtesy IBM]
A more modern set of Napier's Bones
William
Oughtred ’s
Slide Rule
William Oughtred
and others developed
the slide rule in the
17th century based
on the emerging
work on logarithms
by John Napier.
Slide Rule
Blaise Pascal
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at
the age of 19, he
invented the Pascaline
as an aid for his father
who was a tax collector.
Pascal built 50 of this
gear-driven onefunction calculator (it
could only add) but
couldn't sell many
because of their
exorbitant cost and
because they really
weren't that accurate
(at that time it was not
possible to fabricate
gears with the required
precision).
Pascaline or Pascal Calculator
• It can be called “Arithmatique Machine”
• The first calculator or adding machine to be
produced in any quantity and actually used.
• It was designed and built by the French
mathematician-philosopher Blaise
Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only
do addition and subtraction, with numbers
being entered by manipulating its dials.
A 6 digit model for those who
couldn't afford the 8 digit model
A Pascaline opened up so you can
observe the gears and cylinders
which rotated to display the
numerical result
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
(July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716)
A German
mathematician and
philosopher. He
occupies a prominent
place in the history of
mathematics and the
history of philosophy.
Stepped Reckoner
• The Step Reckoner (or Stepped
Reckoner) was a digital mechanical
calculator invented by German
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz around 1672 and completed
in 1694.
Stepped Reckoner
Joseph Marie
Jacquard
(7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834)
A French weaver and
merchant. He played an
important role in the
development of the
earliest programmable
loom (the "Jacquard
loom"), which in turn
played an important
role in the development
of other programmable
machines, such as
computers.
The Jacquard Loom
• A mechanical loom, invented
by Joseph Marie Jacquard, first
demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies
the process of manufacturing
textiles with complex patterns such
as brocade, damask and matelasse.
The loom was controlled by a "chain
of cards", a number of punched cards,
laced together into a continuous
sequence.
Jacquard's Loom showing the threads
and the punched cards
By selecting particular cards for Jacquard's
loom you defined the woven pattern
A close-up of a Jacquard card
This tapestry was woven by a
Jacquard loom
Charles Babbage
(26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)
By 1822 the English
mathematician Charles
Babbage was proposing a
steam driven calculating
machine the size of a room,
which he called the
Difference Engine. This
machine would be able to
compute tables of
numbers, such as logarithm
tables.
Babbage’s
Differential
Engine
Designed to automate a
standard procedure for
calculating roots of
polynomials
A small section of the type of mechanism
employed in Babbage's Difference Engine
The Analytical Engine
• It was a proposed
mechanical general-purpose
computer designed by English
mathematician Charles
Babbage.
Babbage’s Analytical Engine
• 2 main parts: the
“Store” where numbers
are held and the “Mill”
where they were
woven into new results
Ada Lovelace
Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace
(10 December 1815 – 27 November
1852)
•English mathematician and writer
chiefly known for her work on
Charles Babbage's early
mechanical general purpose
computer, the Analytical Engine.
•Her notes on the engine include
what is recognised as the first
Algorithm intended to be
processed by a machine. Because
of this, she is often described as
the world's first computer
programmer.
•Referred to as the “First
Programmer”
Herman Hollerith
(February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929)
An American statistician and
inventor who developed a
mechanical tabulator based
on punched cards to rapidly
tabulate statistics from
millions of pieces of data. He
was the founder of
the Tabulating Machine
Company that later merged
to become IBM. Hollerith is
widely regarded as the
father of modern automatic
computation.
Hollerith machine
Hollerith machine
• The first automatic data processing system. It
was used to count the 1890 U.S. census.
Developed by Herman Hollerith, a statistician
who had worked for the Census Bureau, the
system used a hand punch to record the data as
holes in dollar-bill-sized punch cards and a
tabulating machine to count them. The
tabulating machine contained a spring-loaded
pin for each potential hole in the card. When a
card was placed in the reader and the handle
was pushed down, the pins that passed through
the holes closed electrical circuits causing
counters to be incremented and a lid in the
sorting box to open.
More Detail
Each card was placed
into this reader. When
the handle was pushed
down, the data
registered on the
analog dials.
Hollerith's Keypunch Machine
All 62 million
Americans were
counted by
punching holes
into a card from
the census forms.
What a
Concept in
1891
Imagine. Using
electricity to count. The
date on this issue of
"Electrical Engineer"
was November 11,
1891. The page at the
top is a census form
filled out by a census
taker.
High Tech,
1890 Style
The beginning of
data processing made
the August 30, 1890
cover of Scientific
American. The binary
concept. A hole or no
hole! (Image courtesy
of Scientific American
Magazine.)
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING
Mark I
developed by
Howard Aiken
at Harvard
University
Mark I
•Official name
was Automatic
Sequence
Controlled
Calculator.
•Could perform
the 4 basic
arithmetic
operations.
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
•developed by
John Presper
Eckert Jr. and
John Mauchly
•1st large-scale
vacuum-tube
computer
EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• Developed by John
Von Neumann
• a modified version
of the ENIAC
• employed binary
arithmetic
• has stored program
capability
EDSAC
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
•built by Maurice
Wilkes during the
year 1949
• one of the first
stored-program
machine
computers and
one of the first to
use binary digits
UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer
Developed by George
Gray in Remington
Rand Corp.
Manufactured as the
first commercially
available first
generation computer.
IBM
International Business Machines
By 1960, IBM was
the dominant
force in the
market of large
mainframe
computers
IBM 650
•built in the year
1953 by IBM and
marked the
dominance of IBM in
the computer
industry.
IBM 701
IBM’s 1st
commercial
business
computer
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER
FIRST GENERATION
(1946-1959)
• Vacuum tube based
• The use vacuum tubes in place
of relays as a means of storing
data in memory and the use of
stored‐program concept.
• It requires 3.5 KW of
electricity per day to keep the
vacuum tubes running
Per Day : 3.5 KW
Per Week : 24.5 KW
Per Month : 122.5 KW
Per Year : 1,470 KW
NAKAKALOKA!!
Generation in computer
terminology is a change in
technology a computer is/was being
used.
Initially, the generation term
was used to distinguish between
varying hardware technologies. But
nowadays, generation includes
both hardware and software, which
together make up an entire
computer system.
WHO INVENT THE VACUUM
TUBES?
• First invented by a British scientist
named John A. Fleming in 1919,
although Edison had made some
dsicoveries while working on the
lightbulb. The vacuum tube was
improved by Lee DeForest.
Vacuum Tubes
The main features of First
Generation are:
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Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat
Slow Input/Output device
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this
generation were:
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ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
SECOND GENERATION
(1959-1965)
• This generation using the
transistor were cheaper,
consumed less power, more
compact in size, more reliable
and faster than the first
generation machines made of
vacuum tubes.
• In this generation, magnetic
cores were used as primary
memory and magnetic tape
and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices.
WHO INVENTED THE
TRANSISTORS?
• The first transistor was invented at
Bell Laboratories on December 16,
1947 by William Shockley (seated at
Brattain's laboratory bench), John
Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain
(right).
The main features of Second
Generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable as compared to First generation
computers
• Smaller size as compared to First
generation computers
• Generate less heat as compared to First
generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to
First generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• A.C. needed
• Support machine and assembly
languages
Some computers of this
generation were:
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IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
THIRD GENERATION
(1965-1971)
• Integrated Circuits (IC's) in
place of transistors
• A single IC has many
transistors, resistors and
capacitors along with the
associated circuitry.
• Integrated solid‐state
circuitry, improved
secondary storage devices
and new input/output
devices were the most
important advances in this
generation.
The main features of Third
Generation are:
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IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language
WHO INVENT THE IC?
• The idea of integrating electronic circuits
into a single device was born, when the
German physicist and engineer Werner
Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first
known integrated transistor amplifier in
1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey
Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of
standard electronic components in a
monolithic semiconductor crystal in 1952. A
year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent
for a prototype integrated circuit (IC).
Some computers of this
generation were:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP (Personal Data
Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316
FOURTH GENERATION
(1971-1980)
• Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
• VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit
elements and their associated
circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers
of fourth generation.
• Fourth Generation computers
became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave
rise to personal computer (PC)
revolution.
• In this generation, Remote
processing, Time-sharing, Realtime, Multi-programming
Operating System were used.
• All the higher level languages
like C and C++, DBASE, etc.,
were used in this generation.
The main features of Fourth
Generation are:
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VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of
networks
• Computers became easily available
Some computers of this
generation were:
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DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
FIFTH GENERATION
Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence is
the branch of computer
science concerned with
making computers
behave like humans. The
term was coined in 1956
by John McCarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
Artificial intelligence
includes:
• Games Playing
– programming computers to play
games such as chess and checkers.
• Expert Systems
– programming computers to
make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some
expert systems help doctors
diagnose diseases based on
symptoms)
• Natural Language
– programming computers to
understand natural human
languages
• Neural Networks
– Systems that simulate
intelligence by attempting to
reproduce the types of
physical connections that
occur in animal brains
• Robotics
– programming computers to
see and hear and react to
other sensory stimuli
REPORTER….
GUILLEN, ARTHUR GLENN
Thanks for Listening!!!