Transcript History of Information and Technology Systems

History of Information
and Technology
Systems
“ Those who do not Learn from
history are destined to repeat it”
George Santayana
Learning Objectives
When you have finished discussing this
lesson, you will be able to:
1. Understand how computer technology has
evolved.
2. Identify key people in the development of
computers.
3. Explain the main differences among the
generations of computers.
4. Discuss trends in the development of
computers.
Four basic periods
Characterized by a principal technology
used to solve the input, processing,
output and communication problems of
the time:
 Premechanical
 Mechanical
 Electromechanical
 Electronic
The Premechanical Age:
(3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.)
Simple mechanism powered by
hand due to the absence of
electricity and adequate industrial
technology.
1. Writing and Alphabets--communication.
a. First humans communicated only through
speaking and simple drawings known as
petroglyths (signs or simple figures carved in rock).
Many of these are pictographs – pictures or
sketches that visually resemble that which is
depicted.
E.g.,
cave painting from Lascaux, France, c. 15,00010,000 BC
prehistoric petroglythic imagery from Western U.S.
E.g., cave painting from Lascaux, France, c.
15,000-10,000 BC
E.g., prehistoric petroglythic imagery from
Western U.S.:
Geometric signs (dots, squares, etc.) with no
apparent depicted object = ideographs (symbols
to represent ideas or concepts.)
b. First development of signs corresponding to
spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to
express words.
Starting in 3100 B.C., the Sumerians in
Mesopotamia (southern Iraq) devised
cuneiform -- the first true written language
and the first real information system.
Pronounced "coo-nay-eh-form"
Cuneiform's evolution:
Early pictographic tablet (3100 B.C.), (2500 2800 B.C) , (2100 B.C.)
Early pictographic tablet (3100 B.C.).
Pictographs were turned on their sides (2800 B.C.)
and then developed into actual cuneiform symbols
(2500 B.C.) -- as this clay tablet illustrates.
Pictographs for star
(which also meant
heaven or god), head,
and water (on the left)
were turned on their
side (in the middle),
and eventually
became cuneiform
symbols (on right).
A cuneiform table (c.
2100 B.C.) listing
expenditures of grain
and animals.
c. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created
symbols that expressed single syllables and
consonants (the first true alphabet).
d. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician
alphabet and added vowels; the Romans
gave the letters Latin names to create the
alphabet we use today.
2. Paper and Pens--input technologies.
a.
Sumerians' input technology was a stylus
that could scratch marks in wet clay.
b.
About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the
papyrus plant
c.
Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper
from rags, on which modern-day
papermaking is based,
3. Books and Libraries--output
technologies (permanent storage
devices).
Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the
earliest "books"
b. The Egyptians kept scrolls.
c. Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold
sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and
bind them together.
a.
4. The First Numbering Systems.
a. Egyptian system:

The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10
as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope,
and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
b. The first numbering systems similar to those
in use today were invented between 100
and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created
a nine-digit numbering system.
c. Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was
developed.
5. The First Calculators: The Abacus.
Abacus
The first manual data device developed in China in the
12th century A.D..
The device has a frame with beads strung on wires and
arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating
the beads
The Mechanical Age:
1450 - 1840
During this centuries, Europeans created
several calculating machines that made
use of existing technology, specifically
clockwork gears and levers.
1. The First Information Explosion.

Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany; c. 1387-1468)


Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450.
The development of book indexes and the
widespread use of page numbers.
2. The first general purpose "computers"

Actually people who held the job title "computer: one
who works with numbers."
3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's
Machine
4. Babbage’s Engine
Slide Rule
Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English
clergyman, invented the slide rule

Early example of an analog computer.
The Pascaline (front)
rear view
Diagram of interior
PASCALINE
 Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62), a French
mathematician
 One of the first mechanical computing machines,
around 1642.
 capable of adding and subtracting numbers containing
up to eight digits
 operated by dialing series of wheels
 approximately the size of a cigar box
 hand-cranked mechanical gear system
Performed computation by counting integers
Blaise Pascal (1623-62)
Leibniz's Machine.
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716),
German mathematician and philosopher.
 Capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and extract square roots.
Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716),
4. Babbage Engine
Invented by Charles Babbage (1792-1871),
eccentric English mathematician. Considered the
father of computer because his invention became
the basis for modern computational devices.
 The Difference Engine (1822)
Designed to standard procedure for
calculating the roots of polynomials.
 The Analytical Engine
Designed to use two types of cards –
operation card and variable cards.


Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom
Designed during the 1830s
 Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers.
 The "store"
 The "mill"
 Punch cards.
 Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph
Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom.
 Introduced in 1801.
 Binary logic
 Fixed program that would operate in real time.
Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52).
She wrote a demonstration program for the Analytic
Engine, prompting many to refer her as the first
programmer.
Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
Working model
created in 1822.
The "method of
differences".
The Difference Engine.



The Analytical Engine.
The machine was
designed to use a form of
punched card similar to
Jacquard's punched cards
for data input.
This device would have
been a full-fledged
modern computer with a
recognizable IPOS cycle
(input, processing, output,
and storage).
the technology during this
time could not produce
the parts required to
complete the analytical
engine.
Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.
Augusta Ada Byron
Electromechanical
Age: 1840 - 1940.
The discovery of ways to harness electricity
was the key advance made during this
period. Knowledge and information could
now be converted into electrical impulses.
1. The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
a. Voltaic Battery.

Late 18th century.
b. Telegraph.

Early 1800s.
c. Morse Code.

Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse

Dots and dashes.
d. Telephone and Radio.
e. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves
travel through space and can produce an effect
far from the point at which they originated.
f. These two events led to the invention of the radio

Guglielmo Marconi

1894
2. Electromechanical Computing
a. Herman Hollerith and IBM.
- Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) in
1880
- Census Machine
- Early punch cards
- Punch card workers
By 1890
The International Business Machines
Corporation (IBM).
Its first logo
b. Mark 1
Alexander Graham Bell.
1876

He founded the
Tabulating Machine
Company in 1896

Tabulating Machine
Company merged
with two other
companies to form
the ComputingTabulating-Recording
Company
Dr. Herman Hollerith
Census Machine
Early punch cards


1924, the ComputingTabulating-Recording
Company became
International Business
Machines Corporation
(IBM).
marketing expert
named Thomas
Watson Sr (Business
partner of Hollerith
Mark 1
Paper tape stored data and program instructions.
Howard Aiken, a Ph.D.
student at Harvard
University Built the Mark I
Completed January 1942
•8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2
feet thick, weighed 5 tons
•used about 750,000
parts
•slow, taking 3 to 5
seconds to perform a
single multiplication
operation
The Electronic Age:
1940 - Present
The first electronic computers were complex
machines that required large investments to build
and use. The computer industry might never have
developed without government support and funding
1. First Tries.
- Early 1940s
- Electronic vacuum tubes.
2. Dr. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
a. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose
Computer Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
b. The First Stored-Program Computer(s)
- Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design
the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable
Computer.
- John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945:
"The Report on the EDVAC"
British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans.
- Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester
University
Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation
in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program
computer.
-
Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University,
completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years before EDVAC
was finished.
EDSAC became the first stored-program computer
in general use (i.e., not a prototype).
c. The First General-Purpose Computer for
Commercial Use: Universal Automatic
Computer (UNIVAC).

Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the
development of a computer called UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer)
 Remington
Rand.
 First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951.

a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office)
went into action a few months before UNIVAC
and became the world's first commercial
computer.
3. The Four Generations of Digital Computing.
a. The First Generation (1951-1958).
- Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
- Punch cards to input and externally store data.
- Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage
of data and programs

Programs written in


Machine language
Assembly language
 Requires a compiler.
b. The Second Generation (1959-1963).
- Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic
element.


AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could
be used in the design of a device called a transistor
- Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched
cards as external storage devices.
- Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets
that could be polarized in one of two directions to
represent data) strung on wire within the computer
became the primary internal storage technology.

High-level programming languages

E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL
c. The Third Generation (1964-1979).
1. Individual transistors were replaced by integrated
circuits.
2. Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch
cards as external storage devices.
3. Magnetic core internal memories began to give way
to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)
memory, which, like integrated circuits, used siliconbacked chips.
- Operating systems
- Advanced programming languages like BASIC
developed.

Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in
1975.
d. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present).
1. Large-scale and very large-scale
integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)
2. Microprocessors that contained
memory, logic, and control circuits (an
entire CPU = Central Processing Unit)
on a single chip.
 Which
allowed for home-use personal
computers or PCs, like the Apple (II and
Mac) and IBM PC.
Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen
Wozniak and Steven Jobs.
 First Apple Mac released in 1984.
 IBM PC introduced in 1981.


Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating
System)
 Fourth
generation language software products
E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word,
and many others.
 Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in
early 1980s


MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is quite a clunker.
Vacuum tubes could multiply two ten-digit
numbers forty times per second.
The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper
Eckert, Jr.; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman
H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major
General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon.
Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC) 1946.
• Used vacuum tubes (not
mechanical devices) to do its
calculations.
• first electronic computer.
• Developers John Mauchly, a
physicist, and J. Prosper
Eckert, an electrical engineer
•
• But it could not store its
programs (its set of
instructions)

ENIAC used 18,000
vacuum tubes, and it is
said that the lights
would dim in
Philadelphia whenever
ENIAC was turned on.
ENIAC was 10 feet high,
10 feet wide, and 100
feet long.
First Stored-Program Computer(s)
The Manchester University Mark I
(prototype)
The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use:
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
This UNIVAC I was a commercial version of the ENIAC.
UNIVAC publicity photo
Magnetic drums provided secondary storage for
first-generation computers.
The transistor was
invented by
John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and
William Shockley of Bell
Telephone Laboratories
Magnetic core memory reduces calculation times
Integrated circuits are shown here with firstgeneration vacuum tubes and second-generation
transistors.
The two Steves--Steve Jobs
(in the white sweater and red
shirt) and Steve Wozniak--are
holding the Apple I board.
Apple II released to
public in 1977, by
Stephen Wozniak and
Steven Jobs.
Initially sold for
$1,195 (without a
monitor); had 16k
RAM.
The IBM PC
Apple's GUI (on the first Mac) debuts in 1984,
MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is quite a clunker.
Windows wouldn't take off until version 3 was
released in 1990
Four Stages, or Generations, of Computer Development
Generat
Years
ion
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Circuitry
Characterized By
1951 1959
Vacuum
tubes
Magnetic drum and magnetic tape; difficult
to program; used machine language and
assembly language
1959 1963
Transistors
1963 1975
Integrated
circuit
1975 present
Magnetic cores and magnetic disk; used
high-level languages and were easier to
program
Minicomputer accessible by multiple users
from remote terminals
Personal computer and user-friendly
VLSI and
microprocessor programs; very high-level
microproce
language; chip object-oriented
ssor chip
programming (OOP)