Transcript Module 1 Powerpoint slides

CMPT100
Introduction to Computer Science
Section 06
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Time:
 Room:
 Instructor:
 Email:
Tues – Thurs 1:00 – 2:20pm
Arts146
Sonia Chiasson
[email protected]
My expectations
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Attend class regularly
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arrive on time, stay until the end
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be quiet and respectful of others in the class
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Attend all 5 tutorials
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Attempt all assignments
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even if you can’t finish them - submit *something*
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No cheating
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Ask questions sooner rather than later
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Check class website and i-help*often*
What you can expect from me
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email / i-help responses within a day
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class notes available before class
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available to answer questions - ask!
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straightforward midterm/exam
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no trick questions but must know covered material
interested in your success in this class
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keep me informed of special circumstances or
requirements
Module 1
Evolution of Computers
Important Inventions…
1820s: Difference & Analytical Engines
Babbage
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Never built
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1st plan: Difference Engine
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2nd plan: Analytical Engine
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25 000 parts, crank-operated
Calculate log tables
General Purpose Programmable
Computer
Steam powered
4 basic components: Input,
Output, Processing, Storage
Babbage considered “Father
of Computers”
1890 – Tabulating Machine
Hollerith
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Beginning of IBM!
 Electromechanical
device
 Input via punch cards
 US Census Bureau had
crisis
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would take 10 yrs to
tabulate census!
Hollerith’s machine took
6 weeks
1943 – Colossus
Turing
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First electronic digital
computer
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Special purpose
computer
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Used to decipher Nazi
codes in WWII
Could process 5000
characters per second
Weighed 1 ton, 1800
vacuum tubes
1946 – ENIAC
Mauchly and Eckbert
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“programmed” by
rewiring and setting
6000 switches
Size:
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18 000 vacuum tubes
30 tons
2 stories high
Tube failure every 7
minutes
Intended to calculate
missile trajectories
1951 – UNIVAC I
Mauchly and Eckert
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Used by US Census
Bureau
 CBS borrowed it for
predicting the presidential
elections in 1952
 First mass produced
general purpose
computer (46 !!)
 Typical price in 1968 for a
UNIVAC1100: $1.6
million!
Computer Generations…
1st Generation of Computers
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1950s
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Vacuum tubes
Huge machines 30 x 50 feet
1 computer used energy of one block of homes
Used by
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large corporations
research
military
government
“needs of the world can be met by a few dozen
computers”
2nd Generation of Computers
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1958 – 1960s
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Transistors instead of tubes (thumbnail size)
Improvements
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Faster
Smaller
less electricity
more reliable
Available to other markets such as airlines / small
business
Primary programming languages:
• Fortran (scientific)
• Cobol (business)
• Basic (education)
3rd Generation of Computers
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mid 1960s – 1970
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Integrated circuits combine transistors, wires, etc.
on one silicon chip
• Thousands of times smaller than original transistors
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Start of embedded computers
• Traffic signals, elevators, pocket calculators
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Hand-held calculator
• weighs 0.5 lbs
• faster than ENIAC
• 1/10 000th the cost of ENIAC
4th Generation of Computers
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1970s – early 1980s
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Large scale integration
• smaller size
• many more circuits (15 000 vs. 1000 in 1965)
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“no use for these micro computers in homes”
Apple Computer
• started in a garage in 1976
• In top 500 US companies by 1982
• First “Mac” introduced in 1984
5th (?) Generation of Computers
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Today
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Moore’s Law: “doubling of transistor density on a
manufactured die every year”
• silicon chip’s capacity doubles every year.
• More like once every 18 months now.
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If automotives progressed as fast as computer
technology, today’s car would have:
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1/10 inch engine
get 120 000 miles per gallon
run 240 000 MPH
cost $4
And with software like MS Windows, would likely crash
every few kms!!
Today’s Computers
Mainframes and Supercomputers
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Mainframes:
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One large computer, users accessed it through
terminals
Time sharing systems for large applications
• Airline ticket booking, banking
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Now reduced to refrigerator-sized machines
Supercomputers:
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Intensive processing power
• Weather forecasting, medical imaging
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Cray -1 in 1975 was the first supercomputer
• 100 million operations per second
• Cost $5-8 million, any colour you wish
Workstations and PCs
 Typically
for one user
 Now powerful enough for most day-to-day
operations
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Word processing, accounting, multimedia
 Costs
a fraction of its ancestors
Portable Computers
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Light weight and full
functionality like a PC.
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Notebook computers
Personal Digital
Assistants
• Multiple functionalities
(cell phone, games,
organizer, browse web)
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Pocket PCs
Embedded and Special Purpose
Computers
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Dedicated microprocessors that are embedded
in your day-to-day uses.
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Cars, VCRs, toys, traffic signals, temperature control,
ovens
More than 90% microprocessors embedded inside
common devices
Firmware :
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consists of programs installed semi-permanently into
memory (Programmable ROM, Flash memory)
“software” written “into” the system.
• Will not be erased when the system powers down.
Corresponding Text Readings
 Chapter
1
To Know – Module 1
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Main people / inventions
 General idea of Generations
 Four types of today’s computers
 Be able to answer
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multiple choice
fill-in blanks
name some main people and inventions
Will NOT ask you to
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name specific dates
write essay / paragraph