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OVERVIEW *1642 Blaise Pascal the son of a French tax collector invented a numerical wheel calculator moving dials to add numbers 8 digits called the Pascaline *Charles Babbage a member of royal England astronomical society, recognized the connection between math and machines 1812 *The difference engine was developed by Babbage *He abandoned this machine after 10 years and moved on with the analytical engine *Was designed to make conditional decisions in 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented the arithmethal The device remained until world war 1 Herman Hollerith worked for the us census bureau in 1889 1880 census had taken 7 years to count everyone feared that the next census scheduledc for 1890 would take 10 years to tabeluate and might no be completed before work on 1900 was due to begin Hollerith devised a system in which data was stored on a punch card With his device the census was calculated in 6 weeks He formed the tabuklatuing machine company in 1896 later known as ibm FIRST- GENERATION COMPUTERS Colossus was invented in world war 2 Weighed 30 tons200 kilowatts of power 19000 transistor tubes 1500 relays 200 watts to decode encrypted German messages upper hand in war but single limited functional machine the U. S. army ordnance department and the university of Pennsylvania worked to make the ENIAC designed to calculate ballistic trajectories. started 1943 making ENIAC and finished 1946 EDVAC and UNIVAC followed ENIAC designed by john von Heumann featured accentual processing unit Univac made by Remington rand was the first commercially available computing device. SECOND –GENERATION COMPUTERS In 1956 from bulky large computers came to transistors Transistors send electrical charges to change them self transistors play two roles an insulator and a conducer from off and on position As a conductor the transmitter is in an ‘off‘’ and’on’ state Set the road out to smaller ,faster computers First used by ionly atomic engey laborties and us navy rsearch to preform difficult calculation for atomic weapons Computers changed and became multi functional Machine language was introduced of 1’s and 0’s THIRD- GENERATION COMPUTERS Ic intergrated circuit Produce less heat than transittors More storage less heat to fit in chip Chip fits micro chips allow mutiple operatioin being preformed Has revolutionized computer s by size ,speed and function FOURTH- GENERATION COMPUTERS Readily avaible for indivuals because of reliabilty Miniturizing circuits size developemnet decreasing Firsdt affordable computer the mits altair 8800 came OUT IN 1974 1981 imb came out first pc 65 million were sold by 1990 20 years later n1 billion were in use worldwide Unix is much more complicated from the simplistic computers from generation ago Computers allow us to communicate ,research and simplify mathetmatical caculations Envision a better world COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TITLE DEFINE HARDWARE AND INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES Input devices enter information to do work its designed to do We use man tools to input data including mouse keyboard and joysticks Input devices can adapt to any kind of head or eye movement for the physically challenged individuals The computer knows what to do with all of these devices Out put devices detect whether the computer is doing the right thing Out put devices let us know what's happening inside My counting the number of flashing klights the cou PROCESSORS AND MEMORY single mosty important part of componnet of computer the cpu is the brain Cpu prefor simple tasks such as adding and sub and multiply and dividing but really really really fast transittors lie at the heart of the cpu on when conducting energy and off when not conducting energy Thermonclear reaction occuring in the sun are broken down in to simple off and on states in millions of transittors when sending messages via the internet Random access memory us a storage unit for data going to and coming from the the cpu Capable of holding data but not a long term storsge unit = ram When computer is turned of all information in ram is lost When the computer is on data stored in ram is being updated and changed HARD DRIVES AND REMOVABLE STORAGE For long term stored indata your computer can use a variety of devices , including hard drives and floppy disks All of these machines use different techniquies for storing data AND RETRIEVING data Staorage capacity is how many bits of data the me medium can store. The on and off state of the transittoers is represented as bits Each on and off state is represented in bitys using 1 or 0 8 bits are callled bbytes and is the amount of space requierd for and example to store a single character on some computers. A kilobyte is 2 to the power of ten or 1024 you get a mega byte 10048576 Mega byte is 1000000 ( multiply by 1024 and you get a gigabyte 1073741824) The [rimary storage device in a computer is a hard drive Also known as hard disk Typically store data on magnetic recording platters made of high percsion aluimin or glass Har4d drive storage is getting bigger and physical size smaller laptrops hold 60 gigbyte or more the size of a deck cards Hard drives can hold 100 s of data and fit in yoyur pocket Are not typically prtable from one compuiter to the next Floppy disks have filed the probaility need for a long time Its being rplaced because of its slow speed (1.4 for a three and a half flloppy disks Cd –r can hold 650 -700 mb of data current dvd can hold 4.7 gigabyte with capacities of `17 gigabyte or miore possible NETWORKS Networkinhg is very very very popular and oly some small businesses operatye wihthout networked computer systems Networking works by people most networking is with wires but now some are wireless Media connect thre network to indivdual computers . In each computer there is a node containing a nic card in it with allows data to travel between the network and its nodes Nodes can be connected to each other ora server The server can hold programms and data which are uised by everyine on the network The networks cabn be configured in variuos ways to meet the users needs thje layoutr is called a topollogy . The main 3 topogoly are bus All nodes are connected ina series using a sing cable Star each node has its own connectiomn to a hub th ehub dteermined how the data travels ring all nodes are cionnected together in a circle . The end an dbegining of medium is at the same point OPERATING SYSTEMS Often called platforms has 2 jobs 1 manage the hardware and software on your computer system No matter how up to date it is your computer has a limit set of resources ensures that each request of software and hardware receives the approite time of attention CPU only does one operation at a time and the system memory can only hold so much information UNIX/Linux Multiuser OS supports Multitasking Runs on many types of hardware Modular tools for necessary operations for the computer Mac OS First mainstream graphical user interface in the 1950s Alto was first giu vbased computer Icons (pictures) and mouse replaced the use of command line interface DOS/Windows First introduced in 1981 1992 came out the windows 3.1 1993 better securiity was introduced DOS gained popularity with first PCs To interact use interface through the operating system SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS Comercial vs custom software Companies and industries have specially designed computer to fit there needs Installed on single computer(custom) Most common type of application in use today Web-Based Software Runs on a Web server, accessed through a browser With internet use can be used anywhere Modern day application use internet to download data Web based appliction can just download codes to your desk tops Web Services Without user intervention you can connect with anyone Many different applications going on within many different platfroms are done with no human intervention web service fulfils the role of nessasary data going between systems www.introsjava.sec.glencoe.com