Transcript File - Computer History and Development

History of Computer
Technology
By: Puneet Badyal
Overview
• Almost half a century ago, computers have completelty changed the entire worlds point of
view
• The first change in the world was the invention of the abcus - the abcus was a rack of full of
beads and it was used to preform calculations
• In 1642 Baise Pascal made an invention a numerical wheel calculator, to help his father with
his taxes-he called it the Pascaline
• In 1812 Charles Babbage realized the relationship between machines and math, he began to
form a machine called the Difference Engine- but he failed to do so, and invented the
Analytical Engine
• The Analytical Engine was made to make important decisions
• In 1820 Charles Colmar had made an invention called the Arithometer- the Arithometer was
a calculator that preformed simple math equations, for instance addition, multiplication,
division, subtraction
• In 1880 the U.S was scared that the census that they had planned would take more than a
decade, then Herman Hollerith invented a system were data could be stored on to a punch
card and then a machine would get the rest of the results- it only took six weeks to complete
the census
• In 1896 Hollerith became extremely successful and began a Tabulating Machine
Company
First-Generation Computers
• First- Generations computers were first established at the time of the
second world war.
• The Colossus invention only had one purpose which was to figure out
the hidden German messages
• In 1943 an U.S University made a machine called the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and computer (ENIAC)
• It was made to do extremely large equations and to preform
other great functions
• It took three years to build, it was extremely large, weighing 30 tons
• Made calculations in 30 seconds that would have taken a person at least
twenty hours.
• Was extremely fast but eventually it was replaced by better computers for
instance UNIVAC and EDVAC
Second- Generation Computers
• The second generation computers started around 1956, from huge,
•
•
•
•
•
•
large and heavy vacuums and tubes to transistors
Transistors were much more faster, smaller and they required a huge
amount of energey as well
Conductor - is when the transistor remains on
Insulator-is when the transistor remains off
. Assembly language was a language, that sent directions to the
computers and it also allowed humans to recognize and be aware of
what was going on
Machine language was a language that sent directions to the computers
-but humans couldn't recognize and understand it
Transistors were improving a lot but newer and newer inventions
were getting invented for instance printers and better computers which
were faster and smaller
Third-Generation Computers
• In the 1950's the third generation computer had
came to a start
• In the 1950's Jack Kilby had invented The
Integrated Circuit with the help of Robert Noyce
• The Integrated Ciruit kept track of the information
that happens within a computer
• The Integrated Circuit was type of chip,it had a lot
of space on it and was used for various things for
instance phones, cars and televisions
Fourth-Generation Computers
• Was not similar to the previous generations in which people
were inventing and producing more computers and other types
of technology
• In 1974 MITS Altair announced that people could also buy
their own computers- they also set up a price for the people to
buy
• In the fouth-generation, in 1981 the PC
computers were introduced and became a huge hit
• In 2001 there were millions of computers being sold all around
the world - this made computer technology grow more and
started to become more advance
COMPUTER HARDWARE
AND SOFTWARE
DEFINE HARDWARE AND
INPUT/ OUTPUT DEVICES
• It would be extremely difficult to use a computer without input
•
•
•
•
and output devices
Input devices- are in computers that allow humans to accesss
information and then the computer listens to the commmand
and does what it is created to do
Some examples of input devices are keyboards, mice , joysticks,
gamepads and scanners
Output devices- are extremely important, it tells the user what
the computer is doing and whether it is doing it right or wrongA couple of examples of an output device are a computer
moniter and a printer
Hardware- is the main source of storage in a computer
Processors and Memory
• One of the most important processors in a computer is the central
processing unit (CPU), it is one of the most essential part of the computer,
only performs simply math function- For instance addition,subtraction,
muliplication and division, but it performed them remarkably fast
• In the middle of the CPU are the transistors, the transistor and the CPU
are either on or off- all the information that goes through the CPU is put
into the transistors
• The CPU has large variety of things it does however it has no memoryOnce it has finished the calculation it starts the next one- forgetting the
previous calculation
• Since the CPU doesn't have any memory a Random access memory
(RAM) is placed- however once the computer is turned off all the data in
RAM is lost
Hard Drives and Removable Storage
• Computers use many different ways of storing data for instance, hard drives, CD-
ROMS, and floppy disks- all of these devices have their own unique way to store data
•
Storage quantity is measured by bits of data- When a state was on or off "the
transistors are represented as BInary digiTS (BITS)"
• The on and off state represent by one bit, on is one and off is zero- eight BITS is
equal to one byte and a Kilobyte is equal to 1024, when you multiply a kilobyte by
1024 you will get megabyte which is 1048576 and as you keep multipling 1024 by the
bytes the bytes keep getting larger
• The main place were the storage is stored in the computer is the hard drive
• Hard drives store data on many magnetic recording platters- hard drives are getting
much larger and larger however their size of them are getting smaller
• A couple of storage devices are CDs, USBs and cameras
Networks
• Networks have been growing at a rapid pase, almost
all companies have networks
• Most of the networks have cables for instance twisted- pair wire
or the coaxial cable but now networks are starting to become
wireless
• Node- "contains a network interface card (NIC)" that allows
information to transfer between the network, nodes can also be
connected to one another
• Networks can be laid out any way the user would like- the
layout of a network is called topology and the three main
topologys are bus,star, and ring
Operating Systems
•
Operating systems also known as platforms are used to do two extremely important tasksthey manage the hardware in the computer and secondly they also supply us with a
connection- the connection in which we communicate with computer
•
UNIX/LINUX made by the Bell Labs reseachers in the 1960's- the UNIX was a great success and
it allowed you to do many task all at once, it was great for users- the LINUX was made after
the UNIX by Linus Torvalds, the LINUX was an open soucre which meant that anyone was able
to update and access the use of the operating system
•
•
Mac0S Graphical user interfaces (GUISs) inspired by Steve Jobs in the 1970's
•
Disk Operating System (DOS) was made in 1981, many different companies made different
versions of it but microsoft's MS-DOS was the one that people used the most
•
In 1985 Windows was introduced it allowed many programs to run at the same time- then in
1992 windows 3.1 and was put into a lot of computers in U.S then any other Operating
Systems
The Macintosh computer by apple made in 1984 was huge success - it had user-friendly icons
which were easy for the user to use
Software Applications
• Everything you do on a computer always involves some
sort of software
• Softwares can be put into two groups: systems and
applications
• Systems software is low-level, and is very basic
• Applications software does an extreme amount of things
like word processing, spreadsheets, animation, and gamesApplication software can't run without an operating
system