Transcript computer era - sahsinfotech

THE HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
Presenter:
Grade:
Miss T. Johnson
8
THE EARLY YEARS
The Abacus
• The first counting device
• Has no definite inventor but it’s
creation was largely influenced by the
Chinese and Romans
• Based on a place-value system where
the place of a bead or rock determined
how much it was worth
The Abacus
The Pascaline
• Created by French mathematician and
philosopher, Blaise Pascal
• Was the first mechanical digital
calculator
• Could perform only addition and
subtraction on whole numbers
The Pascaline
The Stepped Reckoner
• A mechanical calculator
• Created by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz in
1673
• Creation was inspired by the Pascaline
• Performed all four arithmetic operations
(addition, subtraction, division and
multiplication)
The Stepped Reckoner
Jacquard’s Loom
• Created by Joseph Marie Jacquard in
1801
• Used punched cards
– Punched card: a card in which holes
are punched in designated positions
to represent data — called also
Hollerith card
• View in action
Jacquard’s Loom
Charles Babbage
• Called the “father of the computer”
• Designed two machines: the
1. Difference Engine
– Designed to be steam
powered and fully automatic
2. Analytical Engine
• Was not able to build his machines as
the technology was not yet available
Charles Babbage
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine
Hollerith’s Tabulating
Machine
• Invented by Dr. Herman Hollerith
• Used punched cards
• Was used to compile data for the US
census of 1980
Hollerith’s Tabulating
Machine
Summary – History of Computers
Invention
Inventor
Abacus
Creation influenced by ancient civilization
(Chinese, Romans, Egyptians and others).
Pascaline
Blaise Pascal
Jacquard’s Loom
Joseph Marie Jacquard
Tabulating machine
Herman Hollerith
Analytical Engine
Difference Engine
Charles Babbage
Adapted from History of Computers presentation by Miss Hall and
Mrs. Batchelor (2014)
GENERATIONS OF THE
COMPUTER
Generations of the
Computer
• Classified into five categories
• Characterized by the type of
electrical component/technology
used to build the computer
First Generation
Time period
1945-1956
Size
Very large
Technology
Vacuum tube
Caused computers to:
 Be unreliable (vacuum tubes would
blow out quickly – similar to a light
bulb)
 Generate a lot of heat
 Need cooling systems
 Consume a lot of electricity
 Be very costly
First Generation
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
Fact: The ENIAC used 17, 468 vacuum tubes
Second Generation
Time period
Size
1956-1963 Large ; smaller than
first generation
Compared to first generation computers
they:
 Were more reliable
 Used less energy
 Generated less heat
 Were faster
Technology
Transistor
Second Generation
IBM 7094
Third Generation
Time period
Size
Technology
1964-1970
smaller than second
generation
integrated circuit
(IC) or chip
Compared to second generation
computers they were:
 Very cheap
 More reliable
Third Generation
IBM 370
Fourth Generation
Time period
Size
Technology
1971-present
• Small
• Portable
integrated circuit (IC) or chip
•
Millions of components placed
on a chip
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Any ideas???
Fifth Generation
• Artificial intelligence – computers
mimicking human beings
– Greater development of:
 Robotics
 Voice recognition
Summary – Generations of Computers
First Generation
(1945-1956)
Second Generation
(1956-1963)
Third Generation
(1964-1970)
Fourth
Generation
(1971- present)
Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Microprocessors
Big and Clumsy
Smaller transistors
were used
Integrated circuits
developed
Development of
portable computers
High electricity
consumption
Core memory was
developed.
Power consumption
was low.
Larger AC units
were needed
Faster than first
generation
computers
Floppy disks, optical
disks then flash
memory became
100 times faster than the popular storage
the second
media
generation
Lot of electricity
failure occurred.
Adapted from History of Computers presentation by Miss Hall
and Mrs. Batchelor (2014)
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