Transcript lec13Hstry
The History of Computing Computing by mechanical means has been desired for more than 5,000 years. The tools have improved as our technology has improved, from simple things like beads strung on wires to electronic digital computers. Computing Through History 1 The Abacus 3000 B.C.E. • Beads on a wire – value 5 above – value 1 below • Place arithmetic – (unlike roman numerals) • value shown is 751 Computing Through History 2 The Salamis Tablet A large crack runs down the middle see reference at www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/ abacus/history.html Computing Through History 3 John Napier 1550 - 1617 Invented Logarithms 4 X 32 = 128 22 X 2 5 = 2 7 Easier to add powers than to multiply numbers. Invented the Slide Rule Computing Through History 4 The Slide Rule Computing Through History 5 Industrial Revolution • Large Shifts in – - family – - life span - work - food - political and religious life • Rapid Change – less than 100 years • No Way Back • No One Saw the Change Coming Computing Through History 6 The Jacquard Loom 1830 Automated Loom Changed work Environment Caused move from farm to city Computing Through History 7 Babbage and Lovelace ~1870 • Difference Engine – Hand Cranked Device – Solved Differential Equations • Analytic Engine – Input, Output, Store and Mill – Beginning of Software – Work was lost and then rediscovered in 1945 Computing Through History 8 Difference Engine (1) • Solution of Polynomial Problems • Would Solve 15th order Equations Y = X2 -4X + X Y d1Y 0 4 -3 1 1 -1 2 0 1 3 1 3 4 4 Computing Through History 4 d2Y 2 2 2 9 Difference Engine (2) Y = X4 - 4X3 - 2X2 - 5X + 7 X 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y d1Y d2Y d3Y d4Y 7 -3 -27 -53 -45 57 -10 -24 -26 8 102 -14 -2 34 94 12 36 60 24 24 Computing Through History 10 Herman Hollerith 1860 - 1929 • 1880 Census - 7.5 years (manual) • 1890 Census - 3.5 years (with machine) • Inventor of the Punched Card • Formation of IBM Computing Through History 11 Mark I Harvard ~1937 Duplicated the work of Babbage and Lovelace Punched Paper Tape No ‘IF’ Test Computing Through History 12 COLLOSSUS, Bletchley Park 1943 Thomas H. Flowers London Post Office Paper Tape Loops, 5000 char/sec 1500 Vacuum Tubes Enigma Decryption, held secret for 50 years Computing Through History 13 EDVAC, U. of Penn. ~1947 Professor Von Neuman Electronic. Vacuum Tubes. 1024 word memory. Computing Through History 14 IBM 604 ~1948 Drum Memory. Vacuum Tubes. First ‘IF’ Test. Punched Cards. Plug Board Programming. 4000 Machines Built. Computing Through History 15 The UNIVAC ~1949 The Universal Automatic Computer Built for US Census First Machine with “Automatic Programming” Computing Through History 16 IBM 1620 ~1960 Transistors; much cooler, longer life 60,000 digit memory CADET Computer (Can’t Add Doesn’t Even Try - it did all of its arithmetic via table lookup) Computing Through History 17 DEC PDP - 8 ~1960 First machine to cost less than $1,000,000 Longest production history of any single machine Price Decrease of about 30% / year 1960 -- $1,000,000 1970 -- $1,000 1980 -- $1 Computing Through History 18 Intel 8080 ~1976 The Throwaway Computer The Apple II DOS Macintosh Led to Windows Computing Through History 19 The Turing Test (1) Computing Through History 20 The Turing Test (2) • Can a Computer Think? • What is Thought? • Can an observer determine the difference between a human and a machine solution to a problem? Computing Through History 21 Turing Revisited (1) Computing Through History 22 Turing Revisited (2) • Do men and women think alike? • Ask a question of a man and a woman, ask the woman to respond as she expects a man to respond. • Can a normal observer tell the difference? Computing Through History 23