Transcript Document

Physical Limits
• Chip Charles Babbage (1791–1871)
• The Difference Engine, 1823
– Special purpose device intended for the production
of tables.
– Made prototypes of parts of the engine
– Unfinished project
– London Science Museum made a working model in 1991.
• The Analytical Engine, 1834
– General purpose device
– Uses punched cards
– Only planned
• Important idea: The programmable computer
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Model in London Science
Museum
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Augusta Ada King, Countess of
Lovelace (1815-1852)
• During a nine-month period in 1842-1843,
Ada translated for Babbage Italian
mathematician Luigi Menabrea's memoir on
Babbage's newest proposed machine, the
Analytical Engine.
• With the article, she appended a set of Notes
which specified in complete detail a method
for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the
Engine, recognized by historians as the
world's first computer program. (disputed).
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Willgodt T. Odhner, 1874
• Factory in St. Petersburg
• Moved to Moscow after the revolution,
soon discontinued
• Odhner's legal successors went to
Sweden, founded Aktiebolaget Original
Odhner in Gothenburg
• Production continued until early 1970s
• Lots of similar clones worldwide
(example: 1950s version)
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Original Odhner
1874
1950s
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Herman Hollerith, 1890
• Won the contract to supply his system for the
Eleventh Cencus of the United States
• Developed an entire integrated system of
machines, data recording devices and
processes for automating the enumeration
• A key element in his systems was the use of
punched cards
• This type of were still in use by the data
processing industry into the 1970s
• Founded the company that later became IBM
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John Ambrose Fleming,
1904
• Invents the thermionic valve / vacuum
tube
• The beginning of electronics
• Used for signal amplification
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First vacuum tube computer
• 1937-1942 - John V. Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry builds the first digital
electronic computer (ABC).
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ABC
• Introduced the ideas of binary
arithmetic, regenerative memory, and
logic circuits
• Special purpose computer. Used binary
math to solve differential equations
• Made of 300 vacuum tubes, card
readers to input data, memory drums
that stored information as electrical
charges
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Vacuum tube memory
Cathode-ray tube
memory, from the
IBM 701 Defense
Calculator, 1952
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The Transistor
• Invented in 1947 by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain & William Shockley at
Bell Labs.
• Considered by many to be one of the
greatest inventions in modern history
• Key active component in practically all
modern electronics
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The Transistor explained
Idea: Use a small
amount of current
to control a large
amout of current.
collector
base
emitter
Can be used as a switch or an amplifier.
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The Integrated Circuit
• 1954 - SAGE aircraft-warning system
the largest vacuum tube computer
system ever built. 55000 tubes, 275
tons.
• 1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
patents the first integrated circuit, a
small package of transistors (among
other components).
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The first Personal
Computer?
• Ambiguous question
• Some digital, automatic, programmable,
accessible, small, inexpensive, simple
computers:
– Commodore 64 (1982)
– IBM PC (1981)
– Apple ][ (1977)
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Computers in war
(handout next page)
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Развитие отечественной
техники
1952
1958
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1966
1973
БЭСМ-1
БЭСМ-2, ММ-40
БЭСМ-3М
БЭСМ-4
БЭСМ-6
Эльбрус-Б
АС-6
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