Transcript PowerPoint

COMPUTER ERA
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COMPUTERS THROUGH
THE YEARS
Input Devices
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Herman Hollerith
• 1881 - invented and used a punched
card device to help analyze the 1890
US census data.
Punch card
Konrad Zuse
• 1936 – Z1 first binary computer
• 1939 – Z2 first fully functioning electromechanical computer
• 1941 – Z3 first electronic, fully programmable
digital computer based on a binary floatingpoint number and switching system
• 1946 – Z4 had a mechanical memory with a
capacity of 1,024 words and several card
readers. Used punched cards to store
programs. The Z4 had punches and various
facilities to enable flexible programming
including address translation and conditional
branching
Z1 circa 1938
John Atansoff and Clifford Berry
• 1939-1942 - created the first computing machine
to use electricity, vacuum tubes, binary numbers
and capacitors.
• final product was the size of a desk, weighed 700
pounds, had over 300 vacuum tubes, and
contained a mile of wire
• could calculate about one operation every 15
seconds
Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
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designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard
University
55 feet long and 8 feet high
5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces
controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
reference to previous results
special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric
functions and used 23 decimal place numbers
data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000
decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and
500 miles of wire
all output was displayed on an electric typewriter
John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert
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1946 - developed the ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator
And Calculator)
contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors,
10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5
million soldered joints
covered 1800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space,
weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power
in one second, the ENIAC could perform
5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or
38 divisions
ENIAC
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1949 - their company launched the BINAC (BINary Automatic)
computer that used magnetic tape to store data.
1950 - Remington Rand Corporation bought the Eckert-Mauchly
Computer Corporation Their research resulted in the UNIVAC
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer), an important forerunner of
today's computers.
Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn
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1946 - co-invented the Williams-Kilburn Tube (or
Williams Tube), a type of altered cathode-ray tube.
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Williams Tube provided the first large amount of random access memory (RAM)
soon devised an improved method of storing bits, increasing the storage capacity to
2048 bits
1948 - worked on designing and building a prototype
machine, nicknamed "The Baby,“ demonstrating the
ability of the Williams Tube.
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32-bit word length.
Serial binary arithmetic using 2 complement integers.
Single address format order code. Random access main store of 32
words, extendable up to 8192 words.
Computing speed of around 1.2 milliseconds per instruction.
IBM
• 1951 - 701 had electrostatic storage
tube memory, used magnetic tape to
store information, and had binary,
fixed-point, single address hardware
John Bakus
• 1954 - Invented FORTRAN for IBM
• formula translation was the first high
level programming language
(software)
Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
• Designed monolithic (formed from a
single crystal) integrated circuit
placed the previously separated
transistors, resistors, capacitors and
all the connecting wiring onto a
single crystal (or 'chip') made of
semiconductor material
Steve Russell and MIT
• Invented the first computer game
Douglas Englebert
• invented or contributed to several
interactive, user-friendly devices: the
computer mouse, windows, computer
video teleconferencing, hypermedia,
groupware, email, the Internet and
more.
More to come….
PARTS OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Four Main Parts of a Computer
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Input
Storage
Processor
Output
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Input devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Microphone
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Storage
• ROM or Read-Only Memory
– This tells the computer how to load the
operating system
– Can’t be altered or lost
• RAM or Random Access Memory
– Temporary storage, constantly changing
– Can be lost
• Hard drives or
• Floppy drives
– removable
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Processor
• The “brain” of the computer
• Controls the functions of the rest of
the system
• Usually a single computer chip
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Output
• Allows us to get information from
the computer
– Computer display
– Printer
– speakers
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