Transcript CSIS-110

Dr. Meg Fryling
“Dr. Meg”
Fall 2012
@SienaDrMeg
#csis110
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Course Resources
◦ Welcome
◦ Syllabus Review
◦ Clickers
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Assignments
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Insert something fun here!
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Test Lab Machines
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CSI Chapter One Slides for your review
◦ Common Terminology
CSIS-110
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http://blackboard.siena.edu
Z:\\afs\sosad.sos.siena.edu\users\...
http://piazza.com/siena/fall2012/csis115fryl
ing/home
◦ Phone App
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http://megfryling.com
◦ Office Hours
◦ Links to Course Resources
1-3
CSIS-110
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Read Chapter 2 CSI
◦ review slides on Piazza
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Read Chapter 1 & 2 Python
Complete Homework P1
◦ Available on Blackboard
◦ Due by start of next class
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Test your account in RB350
BRING TO NEXT CLASS
◦ Python Textbook
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NOTE: LABS START NEXT WEEK
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CSIS-110
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Computer Science is the systematic study of
algorithmic processes that describe and
transform information.
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Algorithm is a sequence of clear and
computable operations that eventually
produces a result.
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All students must get their account working
immediately.
◦ If problems=> create a JIRA ticket
 Help Desk Link => JIRA link
 http://jira.siena.edu:8080/secure/Dashboard.jspa
◦ Instructions for logging in are on last page of syllabus
◦ Additional Help if Problems with SoS network login or
Blackboard login
 Help Desk (1st floor Roger Bacon)
 Mon-Thur 8am-8pm
 Fri 8am-4pm
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The following summary slides are for your
assistance and review as you read chapter
one.
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Computer hardware
◦ The physical elements of a computing system
 keyboard, dvd drive, hard drive, monitor, etc.
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Computer software
◦ The programs that provide the instructions that a
computer executes
 Windows Vista, Firefox, IE, games, etc.
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Computing System – Computer hardware,
software and data, which interact to solve
problems
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Information Layer
◦ All information on a computer is managed using the
Binary number system: uses only 0 and 1
◦ Understand binary based on our understanding of
Decimal
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Hardware Layer
◦ The physical hardware of a computer system
◦ Understand how 0’s and 1’s are represented using
electricity
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Programming Layer
◦ Software – the instructions used to accomplish
computations and manage data
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Operating System Layer
◦ Helps manage the computer resources and eases
our interaction with the various layers of the
computing system
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Application Layer
◦ Use the computer to solve real-world problems
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Communication Layer
◦ Computer to Computer connectivity
◦ Share information and resources
◦ Internet, networks
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Hardware
◦ First calculator : Abacus
 Sixteenth century B.C.
◦ Punched Cards: Jacquard’s loom
 Late Eighteenth century
◦ Analytical Engine
 Designed by Charles Babbage in 1837
 Included many of the important components of today’s
computers
 Memory, input, mechanical steps, punched cards
 Never physically built due to limited technology of the
time
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Hardware (con’t)
◦ Electro-mechanical tabulator used for US census
 Late nineteenth century (1889 patent)
 Read from punched cards
 By Dr. Herman Hollerith (Later formed IBM)
◦ ENIAC – 1946
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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Financed by the United States Army during WWII
First Use: Hydrogen Bomb calculations
Original Purpose: calculate artillery firing tables
 A skilled person with a desk calculator could compute a
60- second trajectory in about 20 hours
 ENIAC required 30 seconds
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1951-1959
Vacuum Tubes stored information
◦ Generated a lot of heat
◦ Not very reliable
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Primary Memory Device
◦ Magnetic Drum
◦ Rotated under a read/write head
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Input Device
◦ Card Reader
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Output Device
◦ Punched Card or Line Printer
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Magnetic Tape Drives
◦ Developed at the end of this generation
◦ Much faster than card readers
◦ Sequential Access
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Auxiliary Storage
◦ Storage external to the computer
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1959-1965
Transistor Replaced the Vacuum tube as the
main hardware component
Smaller, more reliable, faster, more durable
and cheaper
Immediate Access Memory replaces the slow
moving drum
◦ Electronic access therefore virtually instant access
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Circuit Boards
◦ Transistors and other components assembled by
hand on printed boards
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Magnetic disk
◦ New auxiliary storage
◦ Faster than tape
 Read/write heads move directly to a specific location
on the disk
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1965-1971
◦ Integrated Circuits
 Solid pieces of Silicon that contained the transistors,
other components and their connections
 Smaller, cheaper, faster and more reliable
◦ Moore’s Law
 Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel noted that the
number of circuits that could be placed on a single
integrated circuit was doubling every year
◦ Transistors used for memory construction
 Each transistor = 1 bit of information
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1965-1971
◦ Terminal Invented
 An input/output device with a keyboard and screen
 Keyboard = direct access to the computer
 Terminal = immediate response
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1971◦
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Microcomputer on a chip
Apple, Tandy/Radio Shack, Atari, Commodore, Sun
1981 - IBM Personal Computer
1984 – Apple Macintosh
1985 – Workstations
 More powerful
 Business use
 Networked
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Written in Binary (Machine Language)
◦ Programmer had to remember which combination
of 0’s and 1’s were for what operation
◦ Mathematicians and Engineers
◦ Time consuming
◦ Prone to Errors
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Assembly Language is developed to ease the
process
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1951-1959
Assembler needed to be developed for this
◦ Translates the mnemonic codes into binary
automatically
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Systems Programmers
◦ Developed the Assembly Language
◦ Wrote the translators
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Application Programmers
◦ Used the tools created by Systems Programmers to
write programs
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1959-1965
High-Level Languages developed
◦ Instructions more like English statements
◦ FORTRAN
 Give Example
◦ COBOL
 Example
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Ability to run same program on multiple
computers
◦ Compilers translated to assembly language and
then to machine code
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1965-1971
First Operating Systems Developed
◦ Controls Computer Resources – determines which
programs are run when
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Systems Software
◦ Assemblers, Compilers, Operating Systems and other
utility programs
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Time –sharing
◦ Keyboard terminal generation
◦ Many users sharing the resources of a single computer.
◦ The OS organized and scheduled different jobs for best
performance.
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Gap between user and hardware grows wider
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1971-1989
Structured Programming
◦ Pascal,
◦ C
 allows assembly instructions with high-level language
◦ C++
 Also allows low-level statements
 Became language of choice
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Better Operating Systems
◦ UNIX, DOS
◦ Mac OS introduced: mouse, point & click GUI
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High Quality, Reasonably Priced Software
becomes available
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Word Processors
Spreadsheets
Databases
Allows users with no computer experience to utilize
the power of a PC for a specific task
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1990-Present
◦ Microsoft Windows Operating System
◦ Object Oriented design
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Design of choice for large programming projects
Design based on a the Data Objects
Java
In contrast to structured design which is based on the
tasks being performed
◦ World Wide Web
◦ Web 2.0
 MySpace, Facebook Twitter, Wikipedia, Blogs, etc.
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