Transcript History of Computers

A Brief History of Computers
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ABACUS
• 2000-500 BC
• Babylonians or Chinese
Abacus
Early Calculators
• 1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods multiply, divide, square roots
• 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock
reconstructed in 1960
• 1625 slide rule invented
• 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline,
the first “digital calulator”
Napier’s Bones
Schickard’s Calculator
Slide Rule
The Pascaline
Early Caluclators
• 1822 Charles Babbage Mechanical
computing machine. Too complicated to
build until 1853
Babbage’s “Difference Engine”
Vacuum Tube
• 1906
• Lee Forest invented the “Electronic Valve”
• This made digital electronic computers
possible
Early Vacuum Tube
First Generation computers
• 1939 - 1959
• Use vacuum tubes and wire circuits
• 1939 ABC computer completed, clock
speed of 60 Hz, uses punch cards for
secondary memory
• 1946 ENIAC 18,000 valves, used 25 KW of
power, 100,000 calculations/second
ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer
ENIAC
ENIAC
Transistors
• 1947
• Bell laboratories invent the transistor
• Smaller, cheaper, more reliable, less heat
First Transistor
Second Generation Computers
• 1959 - 1964
• Based on transistors and printed circuits
• Much smaller and less power consumption
Integrated Circuit
• 1958
• Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments
• Integrates the functions of many transistors
into one physical component
First Integrated Circuit
Third Generation Computers
• 1964 - 1972
• Based on integrated circuits, smaller than
2nd Generation
Microprocessors
• 1971
• Intel released first microprocessor, the
4004
• Equivalent to 2,300 transistors, 4 bit data
path, ran at 108 KHz
• Microprocessors are complex integrated
circuits, capable of many different functions
Intel 4004 Processor
Intel 8088 circuitry
Fourth Generation Computers
• 1972 • Based on microprocessors
• Utilize LSI (Large Scale Integration), and
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
• Smaller, faster, and more complex than 3rd
Generation
Fifth Generation Computers
• ????
• Will be much smaller and faster than 4th
Generation
• Greatly increased data storage capability
• Will most likely have light, easily
transportable display capabilities
• May be built into clothing
Fifth Generation Computers
• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence, are still in development, though there are
some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being
used today. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a
reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation
computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and selforganization.
Physical Limits
• Chip designers are running up against the
laws of physics. Ten years from now,
chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a
trillion operations per second.
Unfortunately, with today's design
technologies, those chips would be
putting out the same amount of heat,
proportionally, as a nuclear power plant.
Physical Limits & CPUs
• We have “hit the wall” of physics in our
CPU clock speeds
• Intel announced in 2004 that it would not
attempt to make processors that run at
speeds greater than 3.6 GHZ
• Future CPUs will have multiple “Cores” to
increase performance and bandwidth
Future Computers
• Few argue that the next generation of
computers will be nearly invisible,
meaning that they will blend in with
everyday objects. Flexible ink-like
circuitry will be printed onto plastic or
sprayed onto various other substrates,
such as clothes.
Wearable Computers-Now
Wearable Computers-future?
Wearable Computers
Wearables