Transcript noncommunicable disease

Chapter 19
Noncommunicable Diseases
Disease and Disease Prevention
 A noncommunicable disease is a disease that cannot be spread from
one person to another.
 Chronic diseases are diseases that are present continuously on and off
over a long period of time.
 Asthma, diabetes, allergies, and epilepsy.
 Degenerative diseases cause a further breakdown in body cells,
tissues, and organs as they progress.
 Multiple sclerosis (MS), heart disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis.
 Congenital disorders are all disorders that are present when a baby is
born.
 Open heart valves or enlarged blood vessels leading from the heart.
 Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to their biological
children.
 Some birth defects are from a mother’s lifestyle choice while pregnant.
Disease and Disease Prevention
 Scientists are constantly testing to find ways
to prevent or cure diseases.
 Preventable disease require your action.
 Head and spine injuries can be prevented by
wearing appropriate safety equipment.
 Obesity (weighing 20% more than your recommended weight) can
be prevented by controlling your diet. Other similar diseases are:
type II diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. These can all
be controlled with a nutritious diet and regular exercise.
 Most cases of mouth, throat and lung cancer can be controlled by
avoiding tobacco products.
 Liver disease and ailments of the stomach can be avoided by not
abusing alcohol.
Disease and Disease Prevention
 Most noncommunicable diseases cannot be cured, but they can be
treated. To treat a disease is to provide medical care to someone
who has that disease.
 There are a variety of treatments that include medication, diet
changes, and exercise.
 Some treatments are more radical, such as surgery, radiation, and
chemotherapy for various cancers.
 People can live many years with noninfectious diseases, if the diseases
are detected early and treated properly.
Lifestyle Choices
and Disease
 Eat healthy foods.
 Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
Limit fat, sugar, and salt.
 Stay physically active.
 60 minutes each day.
 Maintain a healthy weight.
 Keep within a healthy range.
 Get enough sleep.
 At least 8 hours a night.
 Manage stress.
 Time management and stress
reduction.
 Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and other
drugs.
 These substances harm many parts of
your body.
Factors and Disease
 A risk factor is a characteristic or behavior that raises a person’s
chances of getting a noncommunicable disease.
 There are uncontrollable risk factors: age, gender, and race.
 There are controllable risk factors: how much you eat, using tobacco,
drug use, risk taking behaviors, environmental hazards, and so on.
 Risky behavior is something you choose to do that increases your
chances of getting noncommunicable disease.
 The environment effects your health.
 Air pollution, carbon monoxide, tobacco smoke….
Cancer
 Cancer is a disease that occurs when
abnormal cells multiply out of control.
 A tumor is a group of abnormal cells
that form a mass.
 Benign tumors are not cancerous and
are usually not life threatening.
 Benign tumors do not spread.
 Malignant tumors are cancerous and
can be life threatening.
 Malignant tumors can multiply out of control.
 These tumors spread to other parts of the body.
 They invade other organs and tissues and they
get worse.
Cancer
 Risk factors are characteristics or behaviors that increase
the likelihood of developing a medical disorder or disease.
 A carcinogen is a substance that can cause cancer.
 Lifestyle choice cancers can be prevented.
 Stop using tobacco products.
 Wear sunblock when in the sun for prolonged periods of time.
 Use alcohol in moderation.
 Limit exposure to chemicals in the environment.
 You cannot prevent all types of cancer, so early
detection is important.
 Regular visits to your doctor are important, as
are self-examinations.
 Early detection is the key to successful treatment.
Cancer
 Diagnosing and treating cancer.
 A biopsy is the removal of a tissue sample
from a person for examination.
 This sample is then sent to a specialist to see if
cancer cells are present.
 If cancer is present then the doctor will determine
the size and location of the cancer.
 There are three major cancer treatments.
 Surgery is when doctors remove cancer cells from the body. This works
best if the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.
 Chemotherapy is the use of powerful medicines to destroy cancer
cells.. This is for cancers that have spread.
 Radiation is a treatment that uses X-rays or other forms of radiation to
kill cancer cells. This method is used in combination with surgery and
chemotherapy.
Cancer
 Some common cancers are small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer,
prostate cancer, colon cancer, lymphoma, Leukemia, and skin cancer.
 Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer.
 The most common type of skin cancer is melanoma. Exposure to UV rays may
cause basal cell carcinoma, the most common cancer. It is also the most serious type
of skin cancer. Skin cancer can affect anyone, regardless of skin tone.
 Remission is a period during which cancer signs and symptoms
disappear.
 The return of cancer after a remission is called a recurrence.
*Cancer Types page 444
Heart and Circulatory Problems
 Heart disease is any condition that reduces the strength or function
of the heart and blood vessels.
 Common forms of heart disease include high blood pressure, high
cholesterol, and atherosclerosis.
 Some heart disease is related to hereditary issues, most is related to making
unhealthy lifestyle choices.
 Arteriosclerosis is a group of disorders that cause a thickening and
hardening of the arteries.
 Atherosclerosis is a condition of
arteriosclerosis that occurs when fatty
substances build up on the inner lining of
the arteries.
 A heart attack is a serious condition that
occurs when the blood supply to the heart
slows or stops and the heart muscle is damaged.
Cardiovascular Problems and Treatments
 Hypertension is a condition in which the pressure of the blood on
the walls of the blood vessels stays at a level that is higher than normal.
 This disease can lead to a heart attack or a stroke.
 A stroke is a serious condition that occurs when an artery of the brain
breaks or becomes blocked.
 That part of the brain becomes damaged as a result.
Treatments
 Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which an instrument with a
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tiny balloon, drill bit, or laser attached is inserted into a blocked artery
to clear a blockage.
Medications can break up blood clots than may block arteries.
Pacemakers are electronic devices that send electrical signals helping
the heart beat regularly.
Bypass surgery creates new pathways for the blood.
Heart transplants completely replace a damaged heart with a
healthy heart.
Preventing Heart Disease
 Eat healthful foods.
 Choose plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grains, and lean sources
of protein.
 Limit the amount of cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans fats that you
eat.
 High sources of these are linked to cardiovascular disease.
 Participate in regular physical activity.
 This makes your heart stronger.
 Maintain a healthy weight.
 Your heart works best if your weight is in a healthy range.
 Manage stress.
 Relaxing keeps your blood pressure in a healthy range.
 Stay tobacco free.
 Chemicals can cause heart attacks, hypertension, and
strokes.
 Stay alcohol free.
 Alcohol has been linked to hypertension and heart failure.
Diabetes and Arthritis
 Diabetes is a disease that prevents the body from converting food
into energy.
 Insulin is a protein made in the pancreas that regulates the level of
glucose in the blood.
 Your cells use glucose as energy.
 Some people do not have enough natural insulin.
 Some people’s insulin does not do it’s job properly.
 Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which the immune
system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
 Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot
effectively use the insulin it produces.
 People with diabetes must learn to manage the disease.
 Insulin or other medicines must be monitored
 Control the disease with healthy lifestyle habits.
Diabetes and Arthritis
 Arthritis is a disease of the joints marked by pain and swelling in
body joints.
 Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that is characterized by the
breakdown of the cartilage in joints.
 This destroys the cartilage and thus joints lose lubrication, bones rub on bones.
Pain, swelling, and stiffness. Age, genetics, and being overweight.
 Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease characterized by pain,
inflammation, swelling, and stiffness of the joints.
 Immune system attacks healthy joint tissue.
 Manage arthritis by a combination of the following: Physical
activity and rest; Healthy eating and maintaining a healthy weight;
Joint protection (braces); Heat and cold treatments; Medication;
Massage; and Surgery and joint replacement.
Allergies and Autoimmune Diseases
 An allergy is an extreme sensitivity to a substance.
 Allergens are substances that cause allergic responses.
 Pollen is a powdery substance released by the flowers of some plants.
 Histamines are chemicals that the immune cells release to draw more
blood and lymph to the area affected by the allergen.
 Hives are raised bumps on the skin that are very itchy.
Managing Allergies
 Avoid the allergen.
 Take medication.
 Antihistamines are medicines that reduce the production of histamines.
 Get injections to desensitize the immune system.
Asthma
 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes air passages
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to become narrow or blocked, making breathing difficult.
Common Triggers
Allergens such as mold, dust, pollen, and pets.
Physical activity.
Air pollution, paint and gas fumes, and cigarette smoke.
Respiratory infections such as a cold or the flu.
Weather changes, especially drastic changes.
Rapid breathing which often happens under stress.
Managing Asthma
 Monitor the condition
 People who have the condition must pay attention to the early stages of
an attack to treat the attack quickly.
 Manage the environment
 If dust and mold trigger asthma, reduce them in your environment.
 Manage your stress
 Relax and stay calm during an attack, it will lessen the severity of the
symptoms.
 Take medication
 Bronchodilator is a medication that relaxes the muscles around the air
passages.
Hereditary Diseases
 A hereditary disease is a disease caused by defective genes
inherited by a child from one or both parents.
 Genes are what control the activities of cells and determine a
person’s physical characteristics. Hereditary diseases come from
changes in the structure of genes.
 Because doctors can test for a number of hereditary diseases,
they can often reduce the problems the disease might cause.
Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases
 Metabolism is the process by which the body converts the energy
in the food we eat into energy our body can use.
 A metabolic disease is one that prevents the body from using one
or more nutrients.
 Some happen before birth, some after birth.
 Some are hereditary or have some other cause.
 Problems can occur due to drug or medication interactions.
Nutrition is how your body takes in nutrients in the food you eat,
during digestion and metabolism, and uses those nutrients to maintain
your health.
• There are many diseases related to malnutrition, which is poor
nourishment caused by a lack of nutrients.
• Eating the right kind of food is as important as eating the right
amount of food. Too much food can lead to obesity.
Minimize the amount of time you eat while watching TV and spend at
least 20 to 30 minutes each day getting vigorous exercise.
Chemicals and Poisons
 Chemicals are necessary and useful. They are all around our
homes.
 A poison is something that causes illness or death on contact or
if it is swallowed or inhaled.
 Some poisons are toxins. A toxin is a poison produced by a
living organism. Plants, snakes, bees, spiders and frogs produce
toxins. Some bacteria toxins cause disease.
 Air pollution, second hand smoke, alcohol, medicines, and paint
chips are just a few of the many environmental hazards.
Learning what the dangers are, being aware of them, is the best way
to avoid them.
Accidents and Injuries
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An accident is any unexpected event that causes damage,
injury, or even death. Many accidents cause minor injuries, but
some can cause devastating trauma.
A traumatic injury is an injury caused by physical force.
Injuries can cause disease. Brain damage can cause several
problems such as seizures, paralysis,
loss of memory, coordination, vision,
speech, and a variety more.
Accidents and Injuries
 You can prevent traumatic injuries by making
healthy choices. The difference between disaster and
simple bruise could be just inches or seconds.
 Do not drink alcoholic beverages. Alcohol plays a role in many
a
automobile and swimming accidents.
 Do not play with guns. Learn gun safety if there is one in your home.
 Always wear a well-fitting helmet and other safety gear when you
bike and skateboard.
 Always wear appropriate and well fitting
safety gear when you play a sport.
 Learn CPR.
 Wear a seatbelt every time
you ride in a car.