Transcript Recombinant DNA and Cloning The Impact of Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA and Cloning
The Impact of Biotechnology
Honors Genetics
Ms. Susan Chabot
Lemon Bay High School
Terms to Know
• Restriction enzymes: allow the DNA to be
cut and spliced at VERY specific locations.
• Vectors: carriers of DNA molecules; usually
bacteria.
• Plasmid: circular DNA found in bacteria.
• Recombinant DNA: original carrier DNA +
introduced sections of DNA.
• Clones: when the bacteria divide, millions of
copies of the original recombinant DNA are
made.
Impact of Biotechnology
• Biotechnology: use of modified organisms or their
products to enhance our lives.
• Ethical Dilemmas:
– Patenting genes for ownership.
• Patents offer scientists a chance to fund further research.
– Limited availability of seeds to farmers.
• Concentrates crop ownership to biotech companies, out of farmer’s
hands.
– Impact of GM foods in our own bodies.
• Enough testing to identify risks/benefits?
• Biotech and Medicine:
– Too much information too early?
– Inability to get medical insurance.
Genetically
Engineered
Organisms
Synthesize a Wide
Range of
Biological and
Pharmaceutical
Products
Figure 24.1
Genetically Modified Plants
• Resistance to insects,
weeds, and viruses.
• Enhanced oil content.
• Delayed ripening.
• Over a dozen genetically
modified crops approved
to grow in the US.
– 45% of US corn crop.
– 85% of soybean crop.
•
60% of processed food
contains GM foods.
• GM foods can also be
modified to increase the
nutritional content of
foods.
– GM rice (golden rice) has
been modified to contain
more of the building blocks
needed to produce
Vitamin A.
– Reduced blindness in
poorer nations.
GM Animals
• Embryo splitting has
created commercially
cloned GM organisms for
25 years.
• Don’t have to wait until
adulthood to see if desired
traits were inherited.
• Cloned for desirable traits
such as:
– High milk production.
– Speed in race horses.
– Transgenic animals.
• Transgenic animals
are produced when
one animal’s desired
traits are recombined
into another animal.
– Human genes
transferred into sheep
for production of
human proteins.
Table 24.1
Recombinant DNA Approaches for Vaccine Production and
Transgenic Plants with Edible Vaccines
Figure 24.2
During the past 10 year s, transgenic crops have been
rapidly adopted in both industrialized and developing
countries.
Roundup-Ready
GM soybeans
1. Gene for enzyme
embedded into plasmid.
2. Plasmid inserted into
bacteria.
3. Bacteria inserts plasmid
into plant nucleus.
4. The gene for the enzyme
is inserted into the plant
chromosome.
5. The gene is expressed
and the plant will be
resistant to the herbicide
Roundup.
GM Roundup resistant soybean plants. Allows Roundup to
be applied to the crop to kill weeds but not harm the
soybean.
Golden Rice
• genetically modified to
produce  -carotene, a
precursor to vitamin A.
• Many children in countries
where rice is a dietary staple
lose their eyesight because of
diets deficient in vitamin A.
Transgenic Atlantic salmon (bottom) overexpressing a
growth hormone (GH) gene .
GloFish, marketed as the world’s first GM-pet
Chorionic villi Sampling: Performed at 10 -12 weeks.
Genetic Engineering and
Genomics Are
Transforming
Medical
Diagnosis
Genetic Engineering and
Genomics Are
Transforming
Medical Diagnosis
Performed at 14 – 20 weeks
Needle is inserted through the abdominal and uterine walls to recover
amniotic fluid and fetal cells for genetic or biochemical analysis.
A single cell from an earlystage human embryo created
by in vitro fertilization can be
removed and subjected to preimplantation genetic diagnosis
(PGD).
Text Reading
• On own, read Model Organisms to understand
how genetics can be studied through the use of
model organisms.
• What are examples of Model Organisms?
• What makes a good Model Organism?
Chapter 1 Essential Points
•
•
•
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Page 4: #1: Mendel’s Work.
Page 5: #2: Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Page 8: #3: Central Dogma of Biology
Page 12: #4: Biotech has revolutionized agriculture and
pharmaceutical industries. Genetic testing and gene therapy
has impacted how we treat and diagnose genetic diseases.
#5: Recombinant DNA technology has given rise
to several new fields in science.
• Page 14: #6: Using model organisms allows us to use
genetics and biotech to understand human health.
#7: Policies and regulations that pertain to
genetic technology is lagging behind the technologies that are
being introduced.